Trend AnalysisEconomics & Finance
The Uberization of Labor: Platform Capitalism's Promise of Freedom and Reality of Precarity
Platform capitalism extracts value through three simultaneous channels: labor, data, and finance. New critical research frames gig work as an 'extractive assemblage' where worker precarity is not a market failure but a design featureโwith gendered dimensions that conventional labor analysis overlooks.
By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.
The term "uberization" has entered common usage to describe the platformization of workโthe conversion of stable employment relationships into task-based, algorithmically managed, contractor-classified digital labor. The phenomenon extends far beyond ride-hailing: delivery, domestic care, freelance knowledge work, creative services, and even medical diagnostics are being reorganized through platform intermediaries. The narrative of empowermentโflexibility, autonomy, entrepreneurial freedomโruns through all of them. So does a counter-narrative of extraction. ## The Research Landscape: Three Extraction Channels
Iazzolino (2025), with 1 citation, reframes the gig economy through the concept of "extractive assemblage"โborrowing from Lisa Nakamura's analysis to argue that platforms extract value simultaneously through three channels:
Labor extraction: Platforms capture a commission (15โa significant share) on each transaction while classifying workers as independent contractors, avoiding the costs of employment (benefits, minimum wage compliance, social insurance). Data extraction: Every gig interaction generates behavioral dataโroutes taken, response times, customer interactions, performance patternsโthat platforms use to optimize algorithms, train AI systems, and develop new products. Workers generate this data but do not own it, share in its value, or control its use. Finance extraction: Platforms occupy financial intermediary positions, controlling payment timing (daily, weekly, delayed), accessing float on held funds, and offering financial products (instant cash-out for a fee, vehicle financing, insurance) to the workers they create demand for. The "extractive assemblage" framework explains why platform companies are valued at multiples far exceeding their transaction revenue: investors price the data and financial intermediation value, not just the service commission. ### The Flexibility Illusion in Indonesia
Asrori, Isma'il & Gamalinda (2025) provide qualitative evidence from Indonesian gig workers that the flexibility promised by platforms is experienced very differently than advertised. Through in-depth interviews with food delivery and ride-hailing workers in Java, they document:
- Algorithmic scheduling constraints: Workers technically choose when to work, but the algorithm penalizes inconsistent availability by reducing order allocationโcreating a de facto schedule enforced through algorithmic consequences rather than managerial instruction. - Income volatility: Workers report daily income variations of 50โthe vast majority, driven by algorithmic surge pricing, platform promotions, and competition from new workers the platform continuously onboards. - Invisible costs: Vehicle maintenance, fuel, smartphone data plans, and platform fees consume 30โmore than half of gross earningsโcosts that reduce "flexibility" to a matter of which hours to be poor, not whether to be poor. The authors describe this as the "flexibility illusion": the appearance of choice masking a structure of constrained agency that the workers themselves recognize but feel powerless to change because exit options (formal employment) are scarce. ### Gender and Platform Precarity
Rodrรญguez-Modroรฑo, Agenjo-Calderรณn & Lรณpez-Igual (2023), with 17 citations, introduce a feminist political economy perspective that the broader gig economy literature largely lacks. Examining care sector platforms (domestic cleaning, elder care, childcare), they find:
- Care platforms disproportionately employ women, who face dual precarity: the precarity of platform work and the longstanding undervaluation of care labor. - Platform-mediated care work intensifies the "double shift"โwomen perform paid care work through the platform and unpaid care work at home, with the platform's flexible scheduling making it easier to combine but harder to escape. - Care platforms commodify emotional labor by incorporating customer ratings that assess not just task completion but warmth, attentiveness, and patienceโsubjective dimensions that workers must perform to maintain platform access. The legal analysis of employment classification in platform economies highlights a recurring pattern across jurisdictions: the formal designation of workers as "partners" or "independent contractors" creates a legal grey zone that prevents access to labor protections while maintaining substantive employer control. ## Critical Analysis: Claims and Evidence
| Claim | Evidence | Verdict |
|---|
| Platforms extract value through labor, data, and finance simultaneously | Iazzolino: conceptual framework with empirical examples | โ
Supported โ well-argued structural analysis |
| Algorithmic flexibility is constrained by algorithmic penalties | Asrori et al.: qualitative worker interviews | โ
Supported โ consistent across gig economy contexts |
| Care platforms intensify gendered precarity | Rodrรญguez-Modroรฑo et al.: feminist political economy analysis | โ
Supported โ 17 citations, rigorous framework |
| Workers experience real autonomy through platforms | Some survey evidence shows satisfaction among some gig workers | โ ๏ธ Uncertain โ experience varies by occupation, geography, and alternatives |
| Regulation can eliminate platform precarity without eliminating platforms | None of the papers demonstrates this | โ ๏ธ Uncertain โ regulatory design remains contested |
The Heterogeneity Caveat
As with the gig economy literature generally, these critical analyses focus on the most precarious segments of platform work. A freelance software architect on Toptal, a language teacher on Preply, or a graphic designer on 99designs may experience genuine autonomy and premium compensation that the food delivery or care worker does not. The challenge for both researchers and policymakers is developing frameworks that protect vulnerable workers without constraining the genuinely flexible work arrangements that others value. ## Open Questions and Future Directions
Data ownership: If workers generate the data that makes platform algorithms valuable, should they have property rights over that dataโor receive compensation for its commercial use? 2. Algorithmic transparency: Should platforms be required to disclose the algorithms that allocate work, set prices, and evaluate workers? 3. Portable benefits: Can social protection systems be redesigned to follow workers across platforms rather than being tied to employment status? 4. Platform cooperativism: Can worker-owned platform cooperatives provide an alternative model that retains digital efficiency while distributing value more equitably? 5. Global South contexts: Platform precarity interacts with weak labor institutions, informal economies, and limited social safety nets in Global South countries. Are OECD-derived regulatory solutions applicable? ## Implications for Researchers and PolicymakersThe extractive assemblage framework moves the gig economy debate beyond the "flexibility vs. exploitation" binary by showing that platforms profit through multiple mechanisms simultaneouslyโsome of which (data extraction, financial intermediation) are invisible to both workers and regulators focused solely on the labor relationship. For labor policymakers, the implication is that regulating employment classification alone addresses only one extraction channel. Comprehensive platform governance must also address data rights, financial intermediation, and algorithmic transparency. For researchers, the feminist political economy perspective from Rodrรญguez-Modroรฑo et al. demonstrates that gender-blind analysis of platform labor misses critical dimensions of how precarity is experienced and distributed. ## References
[1] Iazzolino, G. (2025). The gig economy as an extractive assemblage: highlighting the entanglement of labour, data and finance in platform capitalism. Global Social Policy, 25, 000000047. https://doi.org/10.1332/26352257y2025d000000047
[2] Asrori, S., Isma'il, M. & Gamalinda, E.F. (2025). The flexibility illusion: Algorithmic control and precarity in Indonesia's gig economy. Simulacra, 8(2), 30214. https://doi.org/10.21107/sml.v8i2.30214
[3] Rodrรญguez-Modroรฑo, P., Agenjo-Calderรณn, A. & Lรณpez-Igual, P. (2023). A Feminist Political Economic Analysis of Platform Capitalism in the Care Sector. Review of Radical Political Economics, 55(4), 629โ638. https://doi.org/10.1177/04866134231184235
[4] Shepherd, N.J. (2025). Gig Economy Workers' Rights: Legal Classification and Social Protection in Digital Labour Markets. International Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 2(1), 379. https://doi.org/10.61424/ijlss.v2i1.379
๋ฉด์ฑ
์กฐํญ: ์ด ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ์ ์ ๋ณด ์ ๊ณต์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ํฅ ๊ฐ์์ด๋ค. ์ธ์ฉ๋ ํน์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํต๊ณ, ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ธ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋์กฐํ์ฌ ๊ฒ์ฆํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
๋
ธ๋์ ์ฐ๋ฒํ: ํ๋ซํผ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ์ฝ์ํ ์์ ์ ๋ถ์์ ๊ณ ์ฉ์ ํ์ค
"์ฐ๋ฒํ(uberization)"๋ผ๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ ๋
ธ๋์ ํ๋ซํผํโ์์ ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ, ๊ณ์ฝ์๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋ ๋์งํธ ๋
ธ๋์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ๋ ๊ฒโ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฌํ๋ ํํ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ด๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด ํ์์ ์ฐจ๋ ํธ์ถ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ํจ์ฌ ๋์ด์ ๋ค. ๋ฐฐ๋ฌ, ๊ฐ์ฌ ๋๋ด, ํ๋ฆฌ๋์ ์ง์ ๋
ธ๋, ์ฐฝ์ ์๋น์ค, ์ฌ์ง์ด ์๋ฃ ์ง๋จ๊น์ง ํ๋ซํผ ์ค๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฌํธ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ถ๋ฅ ๋ถ์ฌ(empowerment)์ ์์ฌโ์ ์ฐ์ฑ, ์์จ์ฑ, ๊ธฐ์
๊ฐ์ ์์ โ๋ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์์ญ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์๋ค. ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ๋ํญ ์์ฌ๋ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง์ด๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ ์งํ: ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฐฉ์ทจ ๊ฒฝ๋ก
Iazzolino(2025)๋ ์ธ์ฉ ํ์ 1ํ๋ก, Lisa Nakamura์ ๋ถ์์ ์ฐจ์ฉํ์ฌ ํ๋ซํผ์ด ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋์์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์ทจํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ "์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ์ด์
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง(extractive assemblage)" ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ๊ธฑ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ค.
๋
ธ๋ ์ฐฉ์ทจ: ํ๋ซํผ์ ๋
ธ๋์๋ฅผ ๋
๋ฆฝ ๊ณ์ฝ์๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋์์ ์์๋ฃ(15%์์ ์๋นํ ๋น์จ)๋ฅผ ์ทจํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ณ ์ฉ ๋น์ฉ(๋ณต๋ฆฌํ์, ์ต์ ์๊ธ ์ค์, ์ฌํ ๋ณดํ)์ ํํผํ๋ค.
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ฐฉ์ทจ: ๋ชจ๋ ๊ธฑ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ ํ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐโ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ๋ก, ์๋ต ์๊ฐ, ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ํธ์์ฉ, ์ฑ๊ณผ ํจํดโ๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ซํผ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ์ต์ ํ, AI ์์คํ
ํ๋ จ, ์ ์ ํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ํ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋
ธ๋์๋ ์ด ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์์ ํ์ง๋, ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ์ง๋, ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ํต์ ํ์ง๋ ๋ชปํ๋ค.
๊ธ์ต ์ฐฉ์ทจ: ํ๋ซํผ์ ๊ธ์ต ์ค๊ฐ์ ์์น๋ฅผ ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ์ ์์ (์ผ๋ณ, ์ฃผ๋ณ, ์ง์ฐ)์ ํต์ ํ๊ณ , ๋ณด์ ์๊ธ์ ๋ถ๋ ์๊ธ(float)์ ์ ๊ทผํ๋ฉฐ, ์์ ๋ค์ด ์์๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถํ ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ธ์ต ์ํ(์์๋ฃ ๋ถ๊ณผ ์ฆ์ ์ถ๊ธ, ์ฐจ๋ ํ ๋ถ ๊ธ์ต, ๋ณดํ)์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค.
"์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ์ด์
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง" ํ๋ ์์ํฌ๋ ํ๋ซํผ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ ์์ต์ ํจ์ฌ ์ด๊ณผํ๋ ๋ฐฐ์๋ก ํ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ ์ด์ ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ํฌ์์๋ค์ ์๋น์ค ์์๋ฃ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ฐ ๊ธ์ต ์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ์น์ ๋ํด ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ๋งค๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ธ๋๋ค์์์์์ ์ ์ฐ์ฑ ํ์
Asrori, Isma'il & Gamalinda(2025)๋ ์ธ๋๋ค์์ ๊ธฑ ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ ์ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด, ํ๋ซํผ์ด ์ฝ์ํ ์ ์ฐ์ฑ์ด ๊ด๊ณ ์๋ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ฒฝํ๋๋ค๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์๋ฐ ์ง์ญ์ ์์ ๋ฐฐ๋ฌ ๋ฐ ์ฐจ๋ ํธ์ถ ๋
ธ๋์๋ค๊ณผ์ ์ฌ์ธต ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ค์ ์ฌํญ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค.
- ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ํ ์ผ์ ์ ์ฝ: ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ทผ๋ฌด ์๊ฐ์ ์ ํํ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ผ๊ด์ฑ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ฉ์ฑ์ ๋ํด ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ๋ฐฐ์ ์ ์ค์ด๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ด์ต์ ์ฃผ์ดโ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ ์ง์๊ฐ ์๋ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ ์ฌ์ค์์ ์ผ์ ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ธ๋ค.
- ์๋ ๋ณ๋์ฑ: ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์์ ๊ธ์ฆ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ์ฑ
์ , ํ๋ซํผ ํ๋ก๋ชจ์
, ํ๋ซํผ์ด ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์
์ํค๋ ์ ๊ท ๋
ธ๋์๋ค๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฝ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ผ์ผ ์๋์ด 50% ์ด์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ณ๋ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ค.
- ๋ณด์ด์ง ์๋ ๋น์ฉ: ์ฐจ๋ ์ ์ง๋น, ์ฐ๋ฃ, ์ค๋งํธํฐ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์๊ธ์ , ํ๋ซํผ ์์๋ฃ๊ฐ ์ด์์
์ 30% ์ด์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ด์์ ์๋นํ๋คโ์ด๋ฌํ ๋น์ฉ์ "์ ์ฐ์ฑ"์ ๊ฐ๋ํ๊ฒ ์ฌ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ์ ํํ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ์ถ์ํ ๋ฟ, ๊ฐ๋ํ๊ฒ ์ด์ง ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์๋๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค.
์ ์๋ค์ ์ด๋ฅผ
"์ ์ฐ์ฑ ํ์(flexibility illusion)"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฌ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ฆ, ์ ํ์ ์ธ์์ด ์ ์ฝ๋ ํ์์ฑ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋
ธ๋์๋ค ์ค์ค๋ก ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ํ๋ฉด์๋ ํ์ถ ์ ํ์ง(์ ๊ท ๊ณ ์ฉ)๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ ๋์ ํ๋ซํผ ๋ถ์์ ๊ณ ์ฉ
Rodrรญguez-Modroรฑo, Agenjo-Calderรณn & Lรณpez-Igual(2023)์ ์ธ์ฉ ํ์ 17ํ๋ก, ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ๊ธฑ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฌธํ์ด ํฌ๊ฒ ๊ฒฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ ํ๋ฏธ๋์คํธ ์ ์น๊ฒฝ์ ํ ๊ด์ ์ ๋์
ํ๋ค. ๋๋ด ๋ถ๋ฌธ ํ๋ซํผ(๊ฐ์ฌ ์ฒญ์, ๋
ธ์ธ ๋๋ด, ์๋ ๋๋ด)์ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ค์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค.
- ๋๋ด ํ๋ซํผ์ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ณ ์ฉํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ค์ ์ด์ค์ ๋ถ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ง๋ฉดํ๋ค: ํ๋ซํผ ๋
ธ๋์ ๋ถ์์ ์ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋๋ด ๋
ธ๋์ ์ค๋ ์ ํ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. - ํ๋ซํผ ๋งค๊ฐ ๋๋ด ๋
ธ๋์ "์ด์ค ๊ต๋"๋ฅผ ์ฌํ์ํจ๋คโ์ฌ์ฑ๋ค์ ํ๋ซํผ์ ํตํด ์ ๊ธ ๋๋ด ๋
ธ๋์ ์ํํ๋ ๋์์ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ๋ฌด๊ธ ๋๋ด ๋
ธ๋์ ์ํํ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ซํผ์ ์ ์ฐํ ์ผ์ ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํฉํ๊ธฐ๋ ์ฝ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์ง๋ง ๋ฒ์ด๋๊ธฐ๋ ๋ ์ด๋ ต๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค. - ๋๋ด ํ๋ซํผ์ ๊ณผ์
์๋ฃ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๋ฐ๋ปํจ, ์ธ์ฌํจ, ์ธ๋ด์ฌ ๋ฑ ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ด ํ๋ซํผ ์ ๊ทผ๊ถ์ ์ ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฐ๋์ ์ํํด์ผ ํ๋ ์ฃผ๊ด์ ์ฐจ์์ ํ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ณ ๊ฐ ํ์ ์ ๋์
ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ฐ์ ๋
ธ๋์ ์ํํํ๋ค. ํ๋ซํผ ๊ฒฝ์ ์์์ ๊ณ ์ฉ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ ๊ดํ ๋ฒ์ ๋ถ์์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฒ์ ๊ดํ ๊ถ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ ํจํด์ ๋ถ๊ฐ์ํจ๋ค: ๋
ธ๋์๋ฅผ "ํํธ๋" ๋๋ "๋
๋ฆฝ ๊ณ์ฝ์"๋ก ๊ณต์ ์ง์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ค์ง์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ํต์ ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ฉด์๋ ๋
ธ๋ ๋ณดํธ ์ ๊ทผ์ ์ฐจ๋จํ๋ ๋ฒ์ ํ์์ง๋๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ค. ## ๋นํ์ ๋ถ์: ์ฃผ์ฅ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ
| ์ฃผ์ฅ | ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ | ํ์ |
|---|
| ํ๋ซํผ์ ๋
ธ๋, ๋ฐ์ดํฐ, ๊ธ์ต์ ํตํด ๋์์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ถ์ถํ๋ค | Iazzolino: ์ค์ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ๊ฐ๋
์ ํ๋ ์์ํฌ | โ
์ง์ง๋จ โ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ถ์ |
| ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ ์ฐ์ฑ์ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ํ๋ํฐ์ ์ํด ์ ์ฝ๋๋ค | Asrori et al.: ๋
ธ๋์ ์ ์ฑ์ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ | โ
์ง์ง๋จ โ ๊ธฑ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ผ๊ด๋จ |
| ๋๋ด ํ๋ซํผ์ ์ ๋ํ๋ ๋ถ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ฌํ์ํจ๋ค | Rodrรญguez-Modroรฑo et al.: ํ๋ฏธ๋์คํธ ์ ์น๊ฒฝ์ ํ ๋ถ์ | โ
์ง์ง๋จ โ 17๊ฐ ์ธ์ฉ, ์๋ฐํ ํ๋ ์์ํฌ |
| ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ ํ๋ซํผ์ ํตํด ์ค์ง์ ์ธ ์์จ์ฑ์ ๊ฒฝํํ๋ค | ์ผ๋ถ ์ค๋ฌธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ผ๋ถ ๊ธฑ ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ ๋ง์กฑ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค | โ ๏ธ ๋ถํ์ค โ ์ง์ข
, ์ง์ญ, ๋์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฝํ์ด ์์ดํจ |
| ๊ท์ ๋ ํ๋ซํผ์ ์์ ์ง ์๊ณ ๋ ํ๋ซํผ ๋ถ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ ์ ์๋ค | ์ด๋ค ๋
ผ๋ฌธ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ์
์ฆํ์ง ๋ชปํจ | โ ๏ธ ๋ถํ์ค โ ๊ท์ ์ค๊ณ๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋
ผ์ ์ค |
์ด์ง์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ์ ์์ฌํญ
๊ธฑ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฌธํ ์ผ๋ฐ๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก, ์ด๋ฌํ ๋นํ์ ๋ถ์๋ค์ ํ๋ซํผ ๋
ธ๋ ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ถ์์ ํ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถ๊ณ ์๋ค. Toptal์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋์ ์ํํธ์จ์ด ์ํคํ
ํธ, Preply์ ์ธ์ด ๊ต์ฌ, ํน์ 99designs์ ๊ทธ๋ํฝ ๋์์ด๋๋ ์์ ๋ฐฐ๋ฌ ๋๋ ๋๋ด ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ ๋๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ์ง์ ํ ์์จ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋์ ๋ณด์๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ ์ฑ
์
์์ ๋ชจ๋์๊ฒ ์์ด ๊ณผ์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์น ์๊ฒ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฐํ ๋
ธ๋ ํํ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฝํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด์๋ ์ทจ์ฝํ ๋
ธ๋์๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธํ๋ ํ๋ ์์ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ## ๋ฏธํด๊ฒฐ ์ง๋ฌธ๊ณผ ํฅํ ๋ฐฉํฅ
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์์ ๊ถ: ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ด ํ๋ซํผ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ๊ฐ์น ์๊ฒ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ๋ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ค์ ํด๋น ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ๋ํ ์ฌ์ฐ๊ถ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ผ ํ๋๊ฐโํน์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์์
์ ์ด์ฉ์ ๋ํ ๋ณด์์ ๋ฐ์์ผ ํ๋๊ฐ? 2. ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ: ํ๋ซํผ์ ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๋ถํ๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ์ค์ ํ๋ฉฐ, ๋
ธ๋์๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ๋ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋๋ก ์๊ตฌ๋ฐ์์ผ ํ๋๊ฐ? 3. ์ด๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ธ์ฌ: ์ฌํ ๋ณดํธ ์์คํ
์ ๊ณ ์ฉ ์ง์์ ๊ท์๋๋ ๋์ ํ๋ซํผ์ ๋๋๋๋ ๋
ธ๋์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ๋๋ก ์ฌ์ค๊ณ๋ ์ ์๋๊ฐ? 4. ํ๋ซํผ ํ๋์กฐํฉ์ฃผ์: ๋
ธ๋์ ์์ ์ ํ๋ซํผ ํ๋์กฐํฉ์ ๋์งํธ ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ์ ์งํ๋ฉด์๋ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ค ๊ณตํํ๊ฒ ๋ถ๋ฐฐํ๋ ๋์์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ? 5. ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค(Global South) ๋งฅ๋ฝ: ํ๋ซํผ ๋ถ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ทจ์ฝํ ๋
ธ๋ ์ ๋, ๋น๊ณต์ ๊ฒฝ์ , ์ ํ๋ ์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง๊ณผ ์ํธ์์ฉํ๋ค. OECD์์ ๋์ถ๋ ๊ท์ ํด๋ฒ์ด ์ ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฐ? ## ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ ์ฑ
์
์์๋ฅผ ์ํ ์์ฌ์
์ถ์ถ์ ์ด์
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ํ๋ ์์ํฌ๋ ํ๋ซํผ์ด ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ๋์์ ํตํด ์ด์ต์ ์ป๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ธฑ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋
ผ์์ "์ ์ฐ์ฑ ๋ ์ฐฉ์ทจ"๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ถ๋ฒ์ ๊ตฌ๋๋ฅผ ๋์ด์ ๋ค. ์ด ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ๋ค ์ค ์ผ๋ถ(๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ถ์ถ, ๊ธ์ต ์ค๊ฐ)๋ ๋
ธ๋ ๊ด๊ณ์๋ง ์ง์คํ๋ ๋
ธ๋์์ ๊ท์ ๋น๊ตญ ๋ชจ๋์๊ฒ ๋ณด์ด์ง ์๋๋ค.
๋
ธ๋ ์ ์ฑ
์
์์์๊ฒ ์์ฌํ๋ ๋ฐ๋, ๊ณ ์ฉ ๋ถ๋ฅ๋ง์ ๊ท์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ๋์ ์ถ์ถ ์ฑ๋๋ง์ ๋ค๋ฃจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ค. ํฌ๊ด์ ์ธ ํ๋ซํผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ๋์ค๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ, ๊ธ์ต ์ค๊ฐ, ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ ๋ํ ๋ค๋ฃจ์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๊ฒ๋, Rodrรญguez-Modroรฑo et al.์ ํ๋ฏธ๋์คํธ ์ ์น๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ๊ด์ ์ด ํ๋ซํผ ๋
ธ๋์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ ๋งน๋ชฉ์ ๋ถ์์ด ๋ถ์์ ์ฑ์ด ๊ฒฝํ๋๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๋๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ํต์ฌ์ ์ฐจ์์ ๋์น๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ## ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
[1] Iazzolino, G. (2025). The gig economy as an extractive assemblage: highlighting the entanglement of labour, data and finance in platform capitalism. Global Social Policy, 25, 000000047. https://doi.org/10.1332/26352257y2025d000000047
[2] Asrori, S., Isma'il, M. & Gamalinda, E.F. (2025). The flexibility illusion: Algorithmic control and precarity in Indonesia's gig economy. Simulacra, 8(2), 30214. https://doi.org/10.21107/sml.v8i2.30214
[3] Rodrรญguez-Modroรฑo, P., Agenjo-Calderรณn, A. & Lรณpez-Igual, P. (2023). A Feminist Political Economic Analysis of Platform Capitalism in the Care Sector. Review of Radical Political Economics, 55(4), 629โ638. https://doi.org/10.1177/04866134231184235
[4] Shepherd, N.J. (2025). Gig Economy Workers' Rights: Legal Classification and Social Protection in Digital Labour Markets. International Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 2(1), 379. https://doi.org/10.61424/ijlss.v2i1.379
References (4)
[1] Iazzolino, G. (2025). The gig economy as an extractive assemblage: highlighting the entanglement of labour, data and finance in platform capitalism. Global Social Policy, 25, 000000047.
[2] Asrori, S., Isma'il, M. & Gamalinda, E.F. (2025). The flexibility illusion: Algorithmic control and precarity in Indonesia's gig economy. Simulacra, 8(2), 30214.
[3] Rodrรญguez-Modroรฑo, P., Agenjo-Calderรณn, A. & Lรณpez-Igual, P. (2023). A Feminist Political Economic Analysis of Platform Capitalism in the Care Sector. Review of Radical Political Economics, 55(4), 629โ638.
[4] Shepherd, N.J. (2025). Gig Economy Workers' Rights: Legal Classification and Social Protection in Digital Labour Markets. International Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 2(1), 379.