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When Geopolitics Breaks the Chain: Supply Chain Resilience in an Age of Decoupling

For three decades, global supply chain strategy was governed by a single dominant logic: minimize cost through geographic specialization, just-in-time inventory, and global sourcing. The pandemic, the...

By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.

For three decades, global supply chain strategy was governed by a single dominant logic: minimize cost through geographic specialization, just-in-time inventory, and global sourcing. The pandemic, the semiconductor shortage, and escalating great-power competition have collectively demonstrated that this logic optimized for efficiency at the expense of resilienceโ€”a trade-off whose costs become catastrophic when the system is stressed.

Jamshed and Animashaun (2025) provide a focused examination through the semiconductor industry, arguably the sector where the cost-versus-resilience tension is most acute. Their systematic review synthesizes 2020โ€“2025 literature and finds that geopolitical riskโ€”not cost efficiencyโ€”now decisively structures semiconductor supply chains. Export controls, sanctions, critical-mineral access restrictions, and state-sponsored industrial policy have made supply chain decisions as much political as economic. The study identifies four structural shifts: the weaponization of supply chain dependencies by state actors, the strategic stockpiling of critical components, the bifurcation of technology ecosystems along geopolitical lines, and the emergence of "friend-shoring" as a middle path between full reshoring and continued global sourcing. Each shift represents a departure from the efficiency-first paradigm that defined supply chain management since the 1990s.

Hecker (2025) examines Southeast Asia's role in the restructuring, arguing that the region stands at the crossroads of competing supply chain strategies. As firms diversify away from China-centric manufacturing, countries like Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia are positioning themselves as alternative production bases. But Hecker cautions that Southeast Asia's strategic value as a diversification option also makes it a potential arena for great-power competition, creating its own geopolitical risks. The "China+1" strategyโ€”maintaining Chinese production while adding one alternative sourceโ€”may simply redistribute concentration risk rather than eliminating it, particularly if the alternative sources share similar vulnerability profiles (exposure to maritime chokepoints, dependence on Chinese intermediate inputs, limited domestic technical workforces).

M and KoรงakoฤŸlu (2025) take the broadest perspective, arguing that the restructuring of global supply chains reflects a fundamental shift from an efficiency-oriented international economic order to a security-centered one. Traditional international trade theories assumed that economic rationality would override political considerations, leading to convergence toward optimal specialization patterns. In practice, strategic competition is producing the opposite: deliberate duplication, controlled redundancy, and politically motivated trade barriers. The authors observe that this represents not merely a policy shift but a paradigmatic change in how nations conceptualize economic relationshipsโ€”from mutual benefit through trade to mutual vulnerability through interdependence.

The management implications are profound. Supply chain leaders can no longer optimize primarily for cost; they must build what some scholars call "ambidextrous supply chains" that maintain efficiency during stable periods while enabling rapid reconfiguration during disruptions. This requires capabilities that most organizations lack: geopolitical intelligence, multi-sourcing relationships maintained at sub-optimal cost, inventory buffers that finance departments resist, and scenario planning that extends beyond the next quarter. The organizations best positioned to thrive are those that treated supply chain resilience as a strategic investment before the disruptions arrived, rather than a reactive cost after.

References (3)

[1] Jamshed, K. & Animashaun, O.D. (2025). Impact of Geopolitical Risks on Global Supply Chain Strategies: Evidence from the Semiconductor Industry. Journal of Economics, Business, and International Management, 1(1), 3.
[2] Hecker, C. (2025). Geopolitical Risk in Global Supply Chains: The Case of Southeast Asia. Journal of Supply Chain Management Science, 14(2), 001.
[3] M, A. & KoรงakoฤŸlu, ร–. (2025). A Conceptual Perspective on the Politicization of International Trade and the Restructuring of Supply Chains in the Age of Geopolitical Risk. International Journal of Engineering, Management & Science, 12(12), p101.

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