Trend AnalysisEconomics & FinanceExperimental Design

Deglobalization and Supply Chains: Reshoring Is Mostly an Illusion

Politicians across the ideological spectrum now champion "bringing manufacturing home." The rhetoric is bipartisan: tariffs, reshoring subsidies, friend-shoring alliances. The implicit assumption i...

By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.

Politicians across the ideological spectrum now champion "bringing manufacturing home." The rhetoric is bipartisan: tariffs, reshoring subsidies, friend-shoring alliances. The implicit assumption is that global supply chains are being fundamentally restructured. The trade data, however, tells a different story. What looks like deglobalization is, in most cases, supply chain reroutingโ€”not relocation.

The Research Landscape

The Reshoring Reality Check

D'Ambrosio and Lavoratori (2025), publishing in the Journal of Industrial and Business Economics provide one of the most careful empirical assessments of reshoring decisions. Their analysis examines what drives firms to reshore and finds that the motivations are overwhelmingly defensive rather than strategic. Firms reshore to surviveโ€”in response to acute supply chain disruptionsโ€”rather than as part of a long-term restructuring. The implication is sobering: reshoring is typically a crisis response, not a structural shift.

Olhager and Harfeldt-Berg (2024), publishing in the International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, compare manufacturing relocations before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in an advanced economy. They find that while the pandemic increased backshoring attention, the actual volume of manufacturing relocations remained modest. Offshoring continued alongside reshoring, and the net effect was far smaller than public discourse suggested.

Slowbalization, Not Deglobalization

Dabrowski (2024), published in the Journal of Risk and Financial Management provides a comprehensive analysis of what is actually at stake in the protectionist trend. The paper identifies four areas that have benefited from global economic integrationโ€”economic growth, poverty eradication, reduction in global inequalities, and disinflationโ€”and argues that all four are now at risk. The critical insight is that the slogans driving policy (reshoring, friend-shoring, nearshoring) are "seemingly attractive but economically misleading." Trade is not declining; it is being redirected through intermediary countries.

Hsu, Li, and Wu (2026), publishing in Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, examine how tightening rules of origin in regional trade agreements drive nearshoring decisions. They find that firms respond to regulatory pressure by restructuring supply chain nodesโ€”shifting assembly operations to partner countries while retaining upstream production in original locations. This is supply chain rearrangement, not deglobalization.

The Carbon Dimension

Lรณpez, Ortiz, Garcรญa-Alaminos, and Cadarso (2025), published in the Journal of International Business Policy add an environmental dimension. They examine the carbon consequences of legislation-based reshoring in the EU and find that reshoring can actually increase total carbon emissions in global value chains. The reason: reshoring moves production from locations with lower emissions intensity to locations with higher labor costs but not necessarily cleaner energy grids. The environmental case for reshoring, frequently invoked by policymakers, does not hold universally.

Critical Analysis: Claims and Evidence

<
ClaimEvidenceAssessment
Reshoring is primarily a crisis responseD'Ambrosio & Lavoratori (2025): firm-level analysis of reshoring motivationsSupported โ€” defensive motivations dominate
Net reshoring volumes are modestOlhager & Harfeldt-Berg (2024): pre- vs. during-pandemic relocationsSupported โ€” offshoring continued alongside backshoring
Trade is rerouting, not decliningDabrowski (2024): trade flow analysis; Hsu et al. (2026): rules of origin responsesSupported โ€” multiple datasets confirm rerouting
Reshoring reduces carbon emissionsLรณpez et al. (2025): EU carbon in global value chainsChallenged โ€” reshoring may increase total emissions
Friend-shoring creates resilient supply chainsJamshed & Animashaun (2025): semiconductor evidenceMixed โ€” geopolitical risk now structures supply chains, but resilience gains are uncertain

The Illusion Mechanism

Why does reshoring appear larger than it is? Three mechanisms create the perception gap:

Announcement bias. Firms announce reshoring decisions with press releases and political ceremonies. Offshoring decisions are made quietly. The visibility of reshoring is disproportionate to its volume.

Trade rerouting. When the US imposes tariffs on Chinese goods, Chinese firms establish operations in Vietnam, Mexico, or Malaysia. US imports from China decline; US imports from Vietnam surge. The supply chain is the same; the routing has changed. Aggregate trade volumes remain stable or increase.

Inventory effects. Post-pandemic supply chain disruptions led firms to increase inventory buffers and diversify suppliers. This created temporary increases in orders from domestic and nearshore suppliersโ€”but as inventories normalize, the structural pattern reasserts itself.

Open Questions and Future Directions

  • Measurement challenges: How should we measure deglobalization? Trade-to-GDP ratios capture one dimension; value chain participation metrics capture another. The choice of metric determines the conclusion.
  • Geopolitical bifurcation: Is the world splitting into trade blocs (US-aligned vs. China-aligned), or are most countries hedging between both? The "connector" economies (Vietnam, India, Mexico, Turkey) are the critical test cases.
  • Technology vs. labor arbitrage: If AI and automation reduce the labor cost advantage of offshoring, reshoring may eventually become economically rational rather than politically motivated. The timeline and magnitude are uncertain.
  • Small economy vulnerability: Most reshoring research focuses on large economies. For small, trade-dependent economies, even modest deglobalization could be existential. This perspective is underrepresented.
  • Resilience vs. efficiency: The post-pandemic consensus favors supply chain resilience over efficiency. But resilience has costsโ€”higher prices, redundant capacity, slower innovation diffusion. The optimal balance is unknown.
  • What This Means for Your Research

    The deglobalization narrative is analytically useful but empirically overstated. Researchers should distinguish between three distinct phenomena: trade policy changes (tariffs and subsidies), supply chain restructuring (rerouting through intermediaries), and actual reshoring (domestic production replacing imports). These are often conflated in policy discussions but have very different economic implications.

    Explore related work through ORAA ResearchBrain.

    References (5)

    [1] D'Ambrosio, A., & Lavoratori, K. (2025). Reshoring to survive? The other side of de-globalization. Journal of Industrial and Business Economics.
    [2] Olhager, J., & Harfeldt-Berg, M. (2024). Reshoring before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in an advanced economy. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management.
    [3] Dabrowski, M. (2024). The Risk of Protectionism: What Can Be Lost? Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(8), 374.
    [4] Hsu, J., Li, Z., & Wu, J. (2026). Supply Chain Nearshoring in Response to Regional Value Content Requirements. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management.
    [5] Lรณpez, L. A., Ortiz, M., Garcรญa-Alaminos, ร., & Cadarso, M. (2025). Consequences of legislation-based reshoring for EU carbon emissions in global value chains. Journal of International Business Policy.

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