Trend AnalysisEconomics & Finance

Crypto Meets CBDC: How Uncertainty in One Drives Uncertainty in the Other

Do cryptocurrency market swings affect CBDC policy uncertaintyโ€”and vice versa? A wavelet coherence analysis reveals significant co-movement at multiple time horizons, suggesting that central banks cannot design CBDC policy in isolation from private crypto market dynamics.

By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.

Central bank digital currencies and private cryptocurrencies are typically framed as opposing forces: CBDCs represent state-controlled, stable, regulated digital money; cryptocurrencies represent decentralized, volatile, unregulated alternatives. Policy discussions often treat them as independent design choicesโ€”a central bank decides whether to issue a CBDC based on domestic monetary policy objectives, seemingly independent of what Bitcoin or Ethereum markets are doing.

Le, Nguyen & Vu (2025) challenge this independence assumption directly, and their findings have implications for how central banks should think about CBDC timing and design.

The Research Landscape: Uncertainty Spillovers

Le, Nguyen & Vu apply wavelet coherence analysis to weekly data from January 2017 to December 2022, examining the dynamic co-movement between two news-based uncertainty indices: Cryptocurrency Uncertainty (capturing market sentiment, regulatory news, and price volatility in crypto markets) and CBDC Uncertainty (capturing policy announcements, central bank statements, and regulatory developments related to CBDCs).

Their central findings:

  • Significant co-movement exists at multiple time horizons: At short frequencies (1โ€“4 weeks), co-movement is episodicโ€”driven by specific events (e.g., China's crypto ban announcements coinciding with e-CNY pilot expansions). At medium frequencies (4โ€“16 weeks), co-movement is more persistent, suggesting structural linkages rather than event-driven coincidences.
  • The direction of influence varies by period: During 2017โ€“2019 (early CBDC exploration phase), cryptocurrency uncertainty led CBDC uncertaintyโ€”crypto market volatility appeared to accelerate central bank interest in issuing CBDCs. During 2021โ€“2022 (advanced CBDC pilot phase), the relationship partially reversedโ€”CBDC policy announcements influenced crypto market sentiment.
  • Co-movement intensifies during crisis periods: The COVID-19 period (2020) and the Terra/Luna collapse (May 2022) both showed heightened co-movement, suggesting that financial stress amplifies spillovers between crypto and CBDC uncertainty.

Why Co-Movement Matters for CBDC Design

The policy implication is that CBDCs do not enter an empty competitive space. They enter a market ecosystem already shaped by cryptocurrency adoption, investor expectations, and regulatory precedent. The broader CBDC design literature suggests that a cash-like design (non-interest-bearing, limited anonymity) may produce welfare gains without destabilizing the banking sector. But most models assume a relatively stable competitive environmentโ€”an assumption that the Le, Nguyen & Vu findings complicate.

If CBDC policy uncertainty feeds back into cryptocurrency markets, and crypto volatility feeds back into CBDC urgency, central banks face a dynamic game rather than a static optimization problem. A CBDC announcement that aims to reduce payment system dependence on volatile crypto may paradoxically increase crypto volatility (as markets react to perceived competitive threat), which in turn increases pressure for faster CBDC deploymentโ€”a feedback loop that rewards hasty rather than careful design.

Prayudya & Firmansyah (2025) examine this dynamic in emerging economies, where CBDC development faces challenges including interoperability, infrastructure gaps, and digital literacy barriers. In these contexts, CBDC and crypto serve overlapping financial inclusion functions, making the competitive interaction particularly direct. Their analysis suggests that emerging economies should design CBDCs that complement rather than compete with existing mobile money and crypto ecosystemsโ€”a design principle that requires understanding the co-movement dynamics Le et al. document.

Corbet & Larkin (2023) provide broader context on the uncertainty transmission mechanisms between crypto and traditional financial markets, documenting how regulatory uncertainty in one domain spills over into the other โ€” a pattern that CBDC design frameworks should explicitly address.

Critical Analysis: Claims and Evidence

<
ClaimEvidenceVerdict
Crypto and CBDC uncertainty co-move significantlyLe et al.: wavelet coherence at multiple frequenciesโœ… Supported
Crypto uncertainty led CBDC uncertainty in 2017โ€“2019Le et al.: wavelet phase analysisโš ๏ธ Uncertain โ€” lead-lag identification in wavelet analysis involves interpretation
Co-movement intensifies during financial stressLe et al.: COVID-19 and Terra/Luna periodsโœ… Supported โ€” consistent with contagion literature
CBDC design should account for crypto market dynamicsLogical inference from co-movement findingsโš ๏ธ Uncertain โ€” plausible recommendation, not directly tested
CBDC design should complement existing crypto ecosystemsPrayudya & Firmansyah emerging economy analysisโš ๏ธ Uncertain โ€” plausible but context-dependent

Methodological Considerations

Wavelet coherence is a powerful tool for detecting time-frequency patterns in co-movement, but it has limitations. The technique identifies correlation across time scales but cannot establish causation. The apparent lead of crypto uncertainty over CBDC uncertainty in 2017โ€“2019 could reflect common causes (e.g., global fintech attention cycles) rather than direct causal transmission. Furthermore, news-based uncertainty indices are sensitive to media framingโ€”increased media attention to both crypto and CBDC during the same period could generate measured co-movement without genuine economic linkage.

Open Questions and Future Directions

  • Causal identification: Can instrumental variable or natural experiment approaches distinguish genuine crypto-to-CBDC spillovers from common-cause confounding?
  • Post-2022 dynamics: The Le et al. data ends in December 2022. Have co-movement patterns changed since the FTX collapse, the Bitcoin ETF approval, and the advancement of multiple CBDC pilots?
  • Country heterogeneity: Does the crypto-CBDC nexus differ between countries with high crypto adoption (El Salvador, Nigeria, Turkey) and those with low adoption (Japan, EU)?
  • Stablecoin channel: Private stablecoins (USDT, USDC) occupy a middle ground between volatile crypto and stable CBDC. How do stablecoins mediate or moderate the crypto-CBDC uncertainty relationship?
  • Strategic communication: Should central banks calibrate CBDC communications to minimize crypto market disruption, or is such market management outside their mandate?
  • Implications for Researchers and Policymakers

    For central bankers, the Le et al. findings argue for monitoring cryptocurrency market conditions as an input to CBDC policy timingโ€”not because crypto markets should dictate CBDC design, but because CBDC announcements made during periods of high crypto uncertainty may produce amplified and unpredictable market reactions. For financial stability authorities, the co-movement evidence suggests that crypto and CBDC should be analyzed within a unified framework rather than in separate regulatory silos.

    For researchers, the study opens a productive empirical agenda: extending the analysis to additional uncertainty indices (stablecoin regulation, DeFi governance), exploring country-level heterogeneity, and developing causal identification strategies that go beyond correlation-based wavelet methods.

    References (4)

    [1] Le, T., Nguyen, D.A. & Vu, T. (2025). Examining the co-movement between cryptocurrency uncertainty and central bank digital currency uncertainty. Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of Science โ€” Economics and Business Administration, 15(5), 3400.
    [2] Prayudya, D.R. & Firmansyah, F. (2025). Impact of Uncertainty on Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Development at Different Country Income Levels. Economy of Regions, 21(1), 13.
    [3] Corbet, S. & Larkin, C. (2023). The Impact of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Development on Cryptocurrency: A Taxonomic Analysis. Review of Corporate Finance, 3, 00052.
    [4] Le, A.H. (2024). Central Bank Digital Currency and Cryptocurrency in Emerging Markets. SSRN Working Paper, 4224793.

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