Trend AnalysisEnvironment & Earth Sciences

Fighting Fire With Fire: Prescribed Burning and the Quest for Forest Resilience

A century of fire suppression in western North American forests has created a paradox: by eliminating the frequent low-intensity fires that historically maintained open forest structures, suppression ...

By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.

A century of fire suppression in western North American forests has created a paradox: by eliminating the frequent low-intensity fires that historically maintained open forest structures, suppression policies have produced dense, fuel-loaded landscapes where the fires that do occur burn with catastrophic intensity. Climate change amplifies the problem by extending fire seasons, reducing fuel moisture, and increasing ignition probability. The result is a growing consensus that fire must be reintroduced as a management toolโ€”but how, where, and at what scale remain fiercely debated.

Quesnel Seipp, Maurer, and Elias (2023) tackle the funding dimension, developing a multi-benefit framework that quantifies the diverse returns from forest management activities in fire-driven ecosystems. Their analysis demonstrates that ecological thinning, prescribed burning, and meadow restoration generate benefits across multiple sectorsโ€”reduced firefighting costs, improved water quality, enhanced carbon storage, and biodiversity protectionโ€”but that these benefits are captured by different stakeholders who do not currently share costs. A prescribed burn in a national forest may protect downstream communities from flooding and improve municipal water supply quality, but neither the communities nor the water utilities contribute to the treatment cost. The framework proposes benefit-sharing mechanisms that could unlock substantially more funding by aligning who pays with who benefits.

Furniss, Povak, and Hessburg (2024) introduce a finding that challenges conventional thinking: wildfire management decisionsโ€”whether and how to suppress firesโ€”have a greater long-term impact on landscape adaptation than mechanical thinning treatments. Using landscape simulation models, they show that strategically allowing some wildfires to burn under moderate conditions creates heterogeneous fuel mosaics that resist subsequent high-severity fire more effectively than mechanical treatments alone. The implication is counterintuitive: in some contexts, the most effective forest management decision is not to actโ€”or rather, to resist the political and institutional pressure to suppress every fire immediately. This requires a fundamental shift in fire management culture, from treating all fire as an emergency to treating some fire as a management ally.

Qi and Zhuang (2024) review the optimization and decision models available for prescribed burning, finding that the field has sophisticated spatial planning tools but faces implementation bottlenecks. Air quality regulations limit burn windows, liability concerns deter land managers, and the public perception of intentionally setting fires in forests remains deeply uncomfortable. Their review identifies a gap between model sophistication and operational reality: planners can compute optimal burn prescriptions, but executing them requires navigating a regulatory and social landscape that is often more constrained than the ecological one.

The synthesis across these studies suggests that the fire management challenge is as much institutional as ecological. The science increasingly supports more burning, strategic use of wildfire, and landscape-scale treatment. The barriers are governance structures built around fire exclusion, funding models that reward suppression over prevention, and a public that has been taught for a century that all forest fire is bad. Overcoming these barriers requires not just better science but better policy designโ€”a task that falls squarely at the intersection of ecology, economics, and public administration.

References (3)

[1] Quesnel Seipp, K., Maurer, T. & Elias, M. (2023). A multi-benefit framework for funding forest management in fire-driven ecosystems across the Western U.S. Journal of Environmental Management, 344, 118270.
[2] Furniss, T., Povak, N. & Hessburg, P. (2024). Wildfire management decisions outweigh mechanical treatment as the keystone to forest landscape adaptation. Fire Ecology, 20, 339.
[3] Qi, J. & Zhuang, J. (2024). A review of optimization and decision models of prescribed burning for wildfire management. Risk Analysis, 44, 17680.

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