Trend AnalysisInterdisciplinary

Science and Technology Studies (STS) in the AI Era

Science and Technology Studies examines technology not as a neutral tool but as a social practice embedded in power structures, cultural values, and political interests. As AI reshapes society, STS scholars ask the questions that engineers and policymakers often overlook: Who benefits? Whose values are encoded? What alternatives were foreclosed?

By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.

Why It Matters

Engineers build AI systems. Policymakers regulate them. Businesses deploy them. But who asks the deeper questions about what AI is as a social phenomenonโ€”how it reorganizes labor, concentrates power, embeds particular values, and forecloses alternatives?

Science and Technology Studies (STS) provides the intellectual toolkit for these questions. STS examines technology not as a neutral tool that humans simply use, but as a social practice that is shaped byโ€”and in turn reshapesโ€”the societies that produce it. Technologies embody the values, assumptions, and power structures of their creators. A hiring algorithm trained on historical data does not merely automate hiringโ€”it crystallizes past discrimination into computational form. A self-driving car does not merely navigate roadsโ€”it encodes specific ethical judgments about whose safety matters most when an accident is unavoidable.

In the AI era, STS has become essential. As AI systems increasingly make consequential decisionsโ€”about credit, employment, criminal justice, medical treatment, information accessโ€”understanding the social dimensions of these systems is not a luxury. It is a governance necessity. The 2024-2025 STS literature on AI reveals how power operates through technical choices that appear politically neutral.

The Science

A Field Guide for Analyzing AI

Lee (2025), with 2 citations, offers a methodological contribution: a "field guide" for STS scholars analyzing machine learning systems. The guide addresses a practical challengeโ€”AI systems are technically complex, and STS scholars trained in sociology, anthropology, or history may lack the computational literacy to analyze them effectively.

The field guide proposes four analytical entry points corresponding to key stages of the ML pipeline: (1) feature extractionโ€”how raw data is transformed into model inputs, and what assumptions shape which features are selected or constructed; (2) vectorizationโ€”how data is encoded into numerical representations, and what information is preserved or lost in translation; (3) clusteringโ€”how patterns are identified and grouped, and what categorical structures emerge from algorithmic classification; and (4) data driftโ€”how changes in the data distribution over time affect model behavior, and what this reveals about the instability of sociotechnical systems.

Each entry point reveals dimensions of AI that technical analysis alone misses. Feature extraction, for example, appears to be a neutral engineering taskโ€”but STS analysis reveals it as a site of interpretive labor where researchers' disciplinary assumptions, data infrastructure constraints, and the inherent ambiguity of real-world phenomena all shape what the AI "learns."

Platform Power Through Dataset Challenges

Hind et al. (2024), with 7 citations, present an STS analysis of Waymo's Open Dataset Challengesโ€”competitions where Waymo releases autonomous vehicle sensor data and researchers worldwide compete to build the best perception algorithms. From an engineering perspective, these challenges accelerate progress. From an STS perspective, they are instruments of power.

The analysis reveals how Waymo's challenge structure shapes the entire autonomous vehicle research agenda. By defining the datasets (what scenarios are included, what metrics define success), Waymo effectively determines what problems the global research community works on. Researchers who win Waymo challenges gain career capital; researchers who work on problems Waymo does not define remain invisible.

This is not unique to Waymoโ€”ImageNet, GLUE, SQuAD, and other benchmark datasets have similarly shaped AI research directions. The STS insight is that these apparently neutral technical artifacts (datasets, benchmarks, leaderboards) are governance mechanisms that concentrate agenda-setting power in the hands of a few large technology companies.

SynBioAI Convergence and Security

Hynek (2025), with 5 citations, examines the convergence of synthetic biology and AI (SynBioAI) as a case study in how frontier science creates governance challenges that existing regulatory frameworks cannot address. AI tools now enable the design of novel biological organismsโ€”proteins, genetic sequences, even simple synthetic life formsโ€”at a pace that outstrips biosafety assessment.

The STS contribution is to reveal the dual-use dilemma in systemic terms: the same AI-biology convergence that enables revolutionary therapeutics also enables the design of novel biological threats. Regulatory frameworks built for naturally occurring pathogens or manually engineered organisms are inadequate for AI-designed biology, where the design space is vastly larger and the speed of iteration is orders of magnitude faster.

The paper argues that STS conceptsโ€”particularly co-production (science and social order are produced together) and sociotechnical imaginaries (shared visions of desirable futures)โ€”are essential for understanding why SynBioAI governance is politically difficult: the communities that understand the technology best (researchers, AI companies) have the strongest incentives to avoid restrictive regulation.

AI Governance Narratives and Power

Gilani (2025) analyzes the narratives that shape global AI governanceโ€”the stories told about what AI is, what it can do, and how it should be governed. The analysis identifies competing narrative frames: AI as economic opportunity (dominant in industry discourse), AI as existential risk (dominant in safety community discourse), AI as rights threat (dominant in civil society discourse), and AI as geopolitical weapon (dominant in security discourse).

The STS insight is that these narratives are not neutral descriptions of realityโ€”they are political instruments that privilege particular governance responses. The "economic opportunity" narrative favors light-touch regulation. The "existential risk" narrative favors elite expert governance. The "rights threat" narrative favors democratic accountability. The "geopolitical weapon" narrative favors state control. Which narrative dominates in a given policy context shapes which governance framework is adoptedโ€”and whose interests it serves.

STS Analytical Lenses for AI

<
STS ConceptAI ApplicationWhat It Reveals
Co-productionAI development + social orderTechnology and society shape each other simultaneously
Sociotechnical imaginariesVisions of AI futuresWhose vision of the future drives development?
Boundary workAI expertise claimsWho counts as an AI expert and who is excluded?
InscriptionValues embedded in codeAlgorithms encode normative choices as technical parameters
Platform powerDataset/benchmark controlAgenda-setting through technical infrastructure
Dual-use dilemmaSynBioAI convergenceSame capabilities enable benefit and harm

What To Watch

STS is moving from the margins to the center of AI governance discourse. The EU AI Act's requirement for fundamental rights impact assessments operationalizes STS concepts (technologies embed values, deployment contexts matter) in legal form. Major technology companies now hire STS-trained researchers for "responsible AI" teamsโ€”though the tension between critical analysis and corporate employment creates its own STS research question. Watch for STS methods to be integrated into technical AI education: engineering programs are beginning to incorporate social analysis alongside technical training, though the depth and seriousness of this integration varies enormously. The SynBioAI convergence Hynek identifies will be a critical test caseโ€”it may be the first domain where STS analysis directly informs emergency governance of a converging technology before harm materializes.

Explore related work through ORAA ResearchBrain.

References (4)

[1] Lee, F. (2025). The practices and politics of machine learning: a field guide for analyzing artificial intelligence. AI and Ethics.
[2] Hind, S., van der Vlist, F.N., & Kanderske, M. (2024). Challenges as catalysts: how Waymo's Open Dataset Challenges shape AI development. AI and Ethics.
[3] Hynek, N. (2025). Synthetic biology/AI convergence (SynBioAI): security threats in frontier science and regulatory challenges. AI and Ethics.
[4] Gilani, S. (2025). Narratives of Artificial Intelligence in Global Governance: Discourse, Power, and Responsible Innovation. Multilateral Governance.

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