Trend AnalysisInterdisciplinary

Science Diplomacy and International Research Collaboration

Science has long served as a bridge between nationsโ€”even adversaries maintain research ties when diplomatic channels close. But rising geopolitical tensions, the Russia-Ukraine war, and US-China technology competition are testing whether science diplomacy can survive great-power rivalry. The evidence is mixed.

By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.

Why It Matters

International research collaboration is not merely a nice-to-haveโ€”it is structurally necessary for addressing global challenges. Climate change, pandemic preparedness, nuclear security, and space exploration require scientific knowledge that no single nation possesses. The International Space Station, CERN's Large Hadron Collider, and the Human Genome Project all depended on sustained cross-border research partnerships that transcended political divisions.

Science diplomacy operates in three modes: "science in diplomacy" (using scientific evidence to inform foreign policy), "diplomacy for science" (using diplomatic channels to facilitate research collaboration), and "science for diplomacy" (using joint research to build trust between nations). All three modes are under stress. The Russia-Ukraine war has severed decades of Russian-European scientific ties. US-China technology decoupling threatens the world's most productive bilateral research relationship. Export controls on semiconductors, quantum computing, and AI research create new barriers to knowledge flow.

Yet the international research collaboration network continues to grow overall. The question is whether growth masks a qualitative shiftโ€”from open, trust-based collaboration toward strategic, securitized partnerships where knowledge sharing is conditional on geopolitical alignment.

The Science

Geopolitics and Russian Research Collaboration

Zhang et al. (2024), with 14 citations, provide the most rigorous empirical analysis to date of how the Russia-Ukraine war has affected Russia's research productivity and international collaboration. Using bibliometric data and newly developed indicators of collaboration intensity and balance, they track changes in Russian scientific output and partnerships before and after February 2022.

Key findings: Russian research output has declined, but not collapsedโ€”domestic scientific infrastructure continues to function. The more dramatic effect is on collaboration patterns: collaboration with Western European countries and the United States has dropped sharply, while collaboration with China, India, and other non-aligned nations has increased. This represents not the end of Russian science but its reorientationโ€”from a broadly connected global player to a participant in an alternative scientific network.

The study also examines pre-existing trends: the Crimea annexation in 2014 had already begun shifting Russian collaboration patterns, suggesting that the 2022 break was an acceleration of a longer-term trajectory rather than an abrupt rupture.

Individual and Institutional Determinants

De Frutos-Belizon et al. (2024), with 9 citations, analyze what actually drives individual researchers and institutions to collaborate internationally. Their empirical framework separates individual factors (language skills, mobility experience, career stage) from institutional factors (university internationalization policies, funding incentives, disciplinary norms).

A key insight: international collaboration is heavily path-dependent. Researchers who have early-career international mobility experiences (PhD abroad, postdoctoral fellowships) are dramatically more likely to maintain international collaborations throughout their careers. Institutional policies can facilitate or hinder this mobility, but the critical window is early career.

For governments seeking to promote international research collaboration, this finding has direct policy implications: visa policies, fellowship programs, and early-career mobility schemes have disproportionate long-term effects compared to later-stage collaboration grants.

Academic Freedom and Network Evolution

Whetsell et al. (2025) present a longitudinal analysis of how academic freedom conditions in 166 countries affect the evolution of the global international research collaboration (IRC) network. The study operates against the backdrop of a global wave of democratic backslidingโ€”more countries are restricting academic freedom in 2024 than at any point since the Cold War.

The findings reveal a paradox: the IRC network continues to grow in absolute terms (more countries, more connections, more co-authored papers), but its structure is changing. Countries with declining academic freedom increasingly collaborate with each other while decreasing collaboration with academically free countriesโ€”creating a fragmentation pattern where two partially separate scientific networks form along authoritarian/democratic lines.

This structural finding challenges the optimistic narrative that science naturally bridges political divides. Under conditions of serious academic freedom restriction, science may instead reflect and reinforce political alignments.

Governance Frameworks for Responsible Technology Collaboration

The OECD (2025) addresses a specific dimension of science diplomacy: how international collaboration on emerging technologies can be conducted responsibly when the technologies themselves carry dual-use risks. The framework recognizes that the same technologies that enable beneficial innovation (AI, synthetic biology, quantum computing) also create security risksโ€”and that international collaboration must navigate this tension.

Science Diplomacy Landscape (2024-2025)

<
DimensionTrendImplication
Global Collaboration VolumeStill growingMasks structural fragmentation
Russia-West TiesSharp decline post-2022Reorientation toward China, India, Global South
US-China ResearchUnder stress from export controlsMost productive bilateral at risk
Academic FreedomDemocratic backsliding in 60+ countriesTwo-network fragmentation emerging
Early-Career MobilityCritical determinant of later collaborationVisa policies have outsized long-term effects
Dual-Use TechnologyNew governance frameworks neededSecurity concerns constrain openness

What To Watch

The most consequential development is the potential bifurcation of global science into democratic and authoritarian networksโ€”a "science cold war" where knowledge flows freely within blocs but not between them. Whetsell et al.'s evidence suggests this is already happening structurally, even if it is not yet complete. Watch for the evolution of US-China scientific relations, which will serve as the bellwether: if the world's two largest science producers decouple, the fragmentation of global knowledge will accelerate across all fields. Counteracting forces include discipline-specific collaboration (climate science, space science) that maintains cross-bloc ties, and the Global South's potential role as a bridge between competing networks. Science diplomacy has never been more importantโ€”or more fragile.

Explore related work through ORAA ResearchBrain.

References (4)

[1] Zhang, L., Cao, Z., & Sivertsen, G. (2024). The influence of geopolitics on research activity and international collaboration: the case of Russia. Scientometrics.
[2] de Frutos-Belizon, J., Garcia-Carbonell, N., & Guerrero-Alba, F. (2024). An empirical analysis of individual and collective determinants of international research collaboration. Scientometrics.
[3] Whetsell, T.A., Sidorova, J., & Yang, J.J. (2025). Academic Freedom and International Research Collaboration: A Longitudinal Analysis of Global Network Evolution. Quantitative Science Studies.
[4] OECD (2025). Responsible business conduct and anticipatory governance of emerging technology. OECD Policy Papers.

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