Trend AnalysisEnvironment & Earth Sciences

Rewilding and Trophic Cascades: Does Bringing Back Large Mammals Restore Ecosystems?

Reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone, elephants to South African savannas, and large herbivores to European landscapes produces measurable ecosystem effectsโ€”but the cascades are slower, messier, and less predictable than the popular narrative suggests.

By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.

The Yellowstone wolf reintroduction story has become conservation's most cited narrative: wolves returned in 1995, elk behavior changed, vegetation recovered, streams stabilized, and an entire ecosystem cascaded back toward health. The story is compelling, partly true, and considerably more complicated than its popular rendition suggests. Trophic rewildingโ€”the deliberate reintroduction of large animals to restore top-down ecological processesโ€”is gaining momentum worldwide, but the evidence base for its ecosystem-level effects remains thinner and more context-dependent than advocates often acknowledge.

The Research Landscape: From Anecdote to Evidence

Atkinson, Gallagher & Czyลผewski (2024), with 19 citations, argue that the rewilding field needs to move beyond species-centric thinking to a functional trait framework. Their core insight: what matters for ecosystem function is not which species is present, but what ecological functions that species performsโ€”grazing intensity, seed dispersal distance, nutrient cycling rate, soil disturbance depth. This reframing has practical implications:

  • A domesticated cattle breed with appropriate grazing behavior may provide equivalent ecosystem functions to a wild auroch, at lower management cost.
  • Functional redundancy (multiple species performing similar roles) increases ecosystem resilience but complicates monitoringโ€”which species' abundance should managers track?
  • Functional trait analysis can predict rewilding outcomes before species are introduced, reducing the trial-and-error approach that currently characterizes many projects.
Gordon, Greve & Henley (2023), with 29 citations, provide one of the longer-term empirical assessments available: a 92-year analysis of landscape change following elephant rewilding in a South African reserve. Using historical aerial photography and satellite imagery, they document how elephant activity transformed a closed-canopy woodland into a mosaic of open grassland, woodland patches, and transitional zones. The landscape heterogeneity created by elephants increased habitat diversity for other fauna, including grassland-dependent birds, reptiles, and small mammals that were absent from the pre-elephant closed woodland.

However, the study also documents that elephant impact is not uniformly positive: in some areas, heavy browsing pressure converted diverse woodland to near-monoculture grassland, reducing plant species richness. The net effect on biodiversity depends on spatial scaleโ€”at the landscape level, heterogeneity increased; at the plot level, heavily impacted areas lost diversity.

The Dung Economy

Thomassen, Sigsgaard & Jensen (2023), with 18 citations, examine an often-overlooked pathway through which large herbivores affect ecosystems: dung-associated invertebrate and diet diversity in rewilded herbivore populations. Studying feral cattle and horses in a European rewilding area, they use DNA metabarcoding to characterize invertebrate communities associated with herbivore dung across seasons.

Their findings reveal that:

  • Dung beetle diversity and abundance vary significantly between cattle and horse dung, suggesting that herbivore species identity matters for invertebrate communities, not just herbivore biomass.
  • Seasonal patterns create temporal niches: cattle dung supports different invertebrate assemblages in summer versus winter, with implications for year-round ecosystem function.
  • The dung-invertebrate pathway links large herbivores to soil health, pollination (many dung-associated beetles are secondary pollinators), and bird food webs (dung beetles are prey for multiple bird species).
Isroilov, RiadHwsein & Nandha (2025) revisit the Yellowstone case with updated data, documenting wolf reintroduction effects across three decades. Their analysis confirms that elk behavioral changes (reduced time in riparian zones) correlate with vegetation recovery along streams, but cautions that attributing the full recovery to wolf reintroduction oversimplifies a system where concurrent changes (climate, fire management, human visitation patterns) also contributed.

Critical Analysis: Claims and Evidence

<
ClaimEvidenceVerdict
Elephant rewilding increases landscape heterogeneityGordon et al.: space-for-time floristic survey across five reserves with elephant reintroductions spanning 1927-2003โœ… Supported โ€” long time series, robust methodology
Trophic rewilding restores ecosystem functionsAtkinson et al.: functional trait evidence from multiple systemsโš ๏ธ Uncertain โ€” functions restored, but not always to reference conditions
Wolf reintroduction caused Yellowstone stream recoveryIsroilov et al.: correlation exists, but confounders presentโš ๏ธ Uncertain โ€” contributory factor, not sole cause
Herbivore dung supports significant invertebrate diversityThomassen et al.: eDNA metabarcoding confirmationโœ… Supported
Rewilding outcomes are predictable from species identityAtkinson et al.: functional traits are better predictors than species identityโš ๏ธ Uncertain โ€” framework is promising but predictive validation limited

The Predictability Problem

The most significant challenge for rewilding science is that ecosystem responses to large animal reintroduction are inherently nonlinear and context-dependent. The same species introduced to different landscapes, at different densities, in different climatic conditions, produces different outcomes. Gordon et al.'s elephant study illustrates this: elephant activity promoted landscape openness and created a semi-open ecosystem structure important for African biodiversity, but the magnitude and character of these effects are context-dependent.

This context-dependence makes it difficult to develop generalizable rewilding prescriptions. What worked in Yellowstone may not work in Scotland. What elephants achieve in South African savanna may not apply to European temperate forest. The functional trait approach advocated by Atkinson et al. offers a path toward generalization, but the trait-outcome relationships need considerably more empirical validation before they can serve as reliable prediction tools.

Open Questions and Future Directions

  • Optimal density: For any reintroduced species, what population density maximizes ecosystem benefit? Too few animals may produce negligible effects; too many may cause degradation.
  • Temporal dynamics: How long does it take for rewilding effects to stabilize? The Yellowstone and South African cases suggest decadesโ€”far longer than most monitoring programs.
  • Human coexistence: Large animals in rewilded landscapes interact with human activities (agriculture, infrastructure, recreation). How do we manage these interfaces?
  • Climate change interaction: Rewilding designs based on current climate conditions may become inappropriate as temperature and precipitation patterns shift. How should rewilding plans incorporate climate projections?
  • Cost-effectiveness: How does the biodiversity return per dollar of rewilding investment compare to other conservation strategies (protected areas, habitat corridors, invasive species removal)?
  • Implications for Researchers and Conservation Practitioners

    Trophic rewilding worksโ€”but "works" needs qualification. It produces measurable ecosystem changes, often in desired directions, but the changes are complex, slow, and not always uniformly positive. For conservation practitioners, the functional trait framework offers a way to design rewilding projects with clearer expected outcomes. For policymakers, the long time horizons (decades to centuries) required for rewilding effects to mature demand institutional patience and sustained funding commitments that are rare in political cycles.

    For the public, the Yellowstone wolf story remains inspiringโ€”but presenting it as a simple cascade from wolves to willows misrepresents the science and sets unrealistic expectations for other rewilding projects. A more honest narrativeโ€”that rewilding is a promising, evidence-based approach with genuine uncertaintiesโ€”serves conservation better in the long run.

    References (4)

    [1] Atkinson, J., Gallagher, R. & Czyลผewski, S. (2024). Integrating functional traits into trophic rewilding science. Journal of Ecology, 112(7), 14307.
    [2] Gordon, C., Greve, M. & Henley, M. (2023). Elephant rewilding affects landscape openness and fauna habitat across a 92-year period. Ecological Applications, 33(4), e2810.
    [3] Thomassen, E.E., Sigsgaard, E.E. & Jensen, M.R. (2023). Contrasting seasonal patterns in diet and dung-associated invertebrates of feral cattle and horses in a rewilding area. Molecular Ecology, 32(5), 16847.
    [4] Isroilov, S., RiadHwsein, R. & Nandha, A. (2025). Advancing Conservation through Ecological Restoration and the Efficacy of Multi-Trophic Rewilding in the Yellowstone Ecosystem. Applied Ecology Journal, 17(3), 21.

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