Trend AnalysisEngineering
Net-Zero Energy Buildings: Passive Design Meets Smart Materials
Buildings consume ~40% of global energy and produce ~36% of COโ emissions. Net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) aim to produce as much energy as they consume annually through a combination of passive des...
By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.
The Question
Buildings consume ~40% of global energy and produce ~36% of COโ emissions. Net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) aim to produce as much energy as they consume annually through a combination of passive design strategies (insulation, orientation, natural ventilation, thermal mass) and renewable energy generation (rooftop solar, building-integrated PV). The EU mandates all new buildings be "nearly zero-energy" from 2021, and similar requirements are emerging globally. But achieving NZEB performance in diverse climates โ from hot-arid to cold-continental โ requires different strategies. What works in Stockholm fails in Dubai. Which passive design principles are universal, and which are climate-specific?
Landscape
Soliman et al. (2025) in Scientific Reports, demonstrated an innovative approach to improving building envelope thermal resistance: incorporating eggshell waste into fired clay bricks. The modified bricks achieved significantly higher thermal resistance than conventional bricks, reducing cooling energy demand. This approach addresses two problems simultaneously: construction material improvement and agricultural waste valorisation.
Resende & Corvacho (2024) optimised nZEB envelope design for passive thermal comfort in Southern European climates, where overheating is as problematic as heat loss. Their analysis found that excessive insulation โ effective in cold climates โ can trap heat in summer, requiring careful balancing of insulation thickness, solar gain control, and thermal mass.
Ibrahim et al. (2024) tackled the retrofit challenge: most buildings that will exist in 2050 are already built. They developed a machine learning model for optimising retrofit measures to achieve NZEB under climate change scenarios, showing that retrofit strategies designed for current climate conditions may underperform as temperatures rise over the building's remaining lifespan.
Abuimara et al. (2025) designed a net-zero energy housing archetype for UAE families, combining 3D concrete printing with passive strategies (cross-ventilation, improved envelope) and rooftop solar. Their work showed that NZEB is achievable even in extreme hot-arid climates if cooling loads are dramatically reduced through passive design before adding renewables.
Key Claims & Evidence
<
| Claim | Evidence | Verdict |
|---|
| Waste-derived materials can improve building thermal performance | Eggshell-modified bricks increase thermal resistance (Soliman et al. 2025) | Demonstrated; scalability depends on local waste availability |
| Excessive insulation can cause overheating in warm climates | Envelope optimisation for Southern Europe shows insulation-overheating trade-off (Resende & Corvacho 2024) | Confirmed; climate-specific design is essential |
| Retrofit strategies must account for future climate | ML-optimised retrofits for climate change scenarios (Ibrahim et al. 2024) | Important finding; most retrofits ignore climate projections |
| NZEB is achievable in extreme hot-arid climates | UAE housing archetype with passive + solar reaches net-zero (Abuimara et al. 2025) | Demonstrated in design; operational verification needed |
Open Questions
Embodied energy: NZEB focuses on operational energy. When embodied energy (manufacturing insulation, solar panels, concrete) is included, does NZEB achieve true net-zero lifecycle energy?
Occupant behaviour: Building performance models assume standard occupancy patterns. How much does actual occupant behaviour (thermostat settings, window opening, plug loads) deviate from design assumptions?
Grid interaction: NZEBs may produce excess energy during sunny midday and consume during evening peaks. How should building-grid interaction be managed for system benefit?
Affordability: NZEB construction costs 5โ15% more than conventional. Can this premium be justified by lifecycle energy savings, especially in markets with low energy prices?Referenced Papers
- [1] Soliman, W. et al. (2025). Green building development with modified clay bricks and eggshell waste. Scientific Reports. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-87435-4
- [2] Resende, J. & Corvacho, H. (2024). Optimisation of nZEB Envelope for Passive Thermal Comfort in Southern Europe. Buildings, 14(9), 2757. DOI: 10.3390/buildings14092757
- [3] Ibrahim, M. et al. (2024). Building retrofitting towards net zero energy under climate change. J. Physics: Conference Series. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2857/1/012026
- [4] Abuimara, T. et al. (2025). Designing a Net-Zero Energy Housing Archetype for UAE. Environmental Science and Sustainable Development. DOI: 10.21625/essd.v10i3.1224
- [5] Wang, J. et al. (2024). Net-Zero Building Technology in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Regions. J. Building Technology and Practice. DOI: 10.22158/jbtp.v12n3p48
๋ฉด์ฑ
์กฐํญ: ์ด ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ์ ์ ๋ณด ์ ๊ณต ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ํฅ ๊ฐ์์ด๋ค. ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ธ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ํตํด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํต๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์์๋์ง ์ ๋ก ๊ฑด๋ฌผ: ํจ์๋ธ ์ค๊ณ์ ์ค๋งํธ ์์ฌ์ ๋ง๋จ
๋ถ์ผ: ๊ณตํ | ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก : ์คํ-๊ณ์ฐ
์ ์: Sean K.S. Shin | ๋ ์ง: 2026-03-17
์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ง๋ฌธ
๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์๋์ง์ ~40%๋ฅผ ์๋นํ๊ณ COโ ๋ฐฐ์ถ๋์ ~36%๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ํจ๋ค. ์์๋์ง ์ ๋ก ๊ฑด๋ฌผ(Net-zero energy buildings, NZEBs)์ ํจ์๋ธ ์ค๊ณ ์ ๋ต(๋จ์ด, ํฅ, ์์ฐ ํ๊ธฐ, ์ด ์ง๋)๊ณผ ์ฌ์ ์๋์ง ๋ฐ์ (์ฅ์ ํ์๊ด, ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ผ์ฒดํ PV)์ ์กฐํฉ์ ํตํด ์ฐ๊ฐ ์๋นํ๋ ์๋์ง๋งํผ์ ์์ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ค. EU๋ 2021๋
๋ถํฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์ถ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ "๊ฑฐ์ ์ ๋ก ์๋์ง" ์์ค์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค๋๋ก ์๋ฌดํํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ฌํ ์๊ฑด์ด ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฐ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ณ ์จ ๊ฑด์กฐ ๊ธฐํ๋ถํฐ ํ๋ญ ๋๋ฅ์ฑ ๊ธฐํ๊น์ง ๋ค์ํ ๊ธฐํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ NZEB ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ๋ต์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ์คํกํ๋ฆ์์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ๋๋ฐ์ด์์๋ ํตํ์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ด๋ค ํจ์๋ธ ์ค๊ณ ์์น์ด ๋ณดํธ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์ด๋ค ๊ฒ์ด ๊ธฐํ ํน์ด์ ์ธ๊ฐ?
์ฐ๊ตฌ ํํฉ
Soliman et al. (2025)์ Scientific Reports์์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ธํผ์ ์ด ์ ํญ์ ํฅ์์ํค๋ ํ์ ์ ์ธ ์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค: ์์ฑ ์ ํ ๋ฒฝ๋์ ๋ฌ๊ฑ๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ ํผ์
ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ๋๋ ๋ฒฝ๋์ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฒฝ๋๋ณด๋ค ํ์ ํ ๋์ ์ด ์ ํญ์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ์ฌ ๋๋ฐฉ ์๋์ง ์์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ์ด ์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ฑด์ค ์์ฌ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณผ ๋์
ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์นํ๋ผ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋์์ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ค.
Resende & Corvacho (2024)๋ ๊ณผ์ด์ด ์ด ์์ค๋งํผ์ด๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๋จ์ ๋ฝ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก nZEB ์ธํผ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ํจ์๋ธ ์ด ์พ์ ์ฑ ๊ด์ ์์ ์ต์ ํํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ํ๋ญ ๊ธฐํ์์๋ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ๋ํ ๋จ์ด์ด ์ฌ๋ฆ์ฒ ์ด์ ๊ฐ๋์ด, ๋จ์ด ๋๊ป, ์ผ์ฌ ์ทจ๋ ์ ์ด, ์ด ์ง๋์ ์ ์คํ ๊ท ํ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค.
Ibrahim et al. (2024)์ ๊ฐ๋ณด์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ์๋ค: 2050๋
์ ์กด์ฌํ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง์ด์ ธ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ ์๋๋ฆฌ์ค์์ NZEB ๋ฌ์ฑ์ ์ํ ๊ฐ๋ณด์ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ต์ ํํ๋ ๋จธ์ ๋ฌ๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ ๊ธฐํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ณ๋ ๊ฐ๋ณด์ ์ ๋ต์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์์ฌ ์๋ช
๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ๊ธฐ์จ์ด ์์นํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ์ ํ๋ ์ ์์์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
Abuimara et al. (2025)์ 3D ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ ํ๋ฆฐํ
๊ณผ ํจ์๋ธ ์ ๋ต(๊ต์ฐจ ํ๊ธฐ, ์ธํผ ๊ฐ์ ) ๋ฐ ์ฅ์ ํ์๊ด์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ์ฌ UAE ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ํ ์์๋์ง ์ ๋ก ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ํ์ ์ค๊ณํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฌ์ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ํจ์๋ธ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋๋ฐฉ ๋ถํ๋ฅผ ๋ํญ ์ ๊ฐํ๋ค๋ฉด, ๊ทนํ์ ๊ณ ์จ ๊ฑด์กฐ ๊ธฐํ์์๋ NZEB ๋ฌ์ฑ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํจ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค.
์ฃผ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ
<
| ์ฃผ์ฅ | ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ | ํ์ |
|---|
| ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ ๋ ์์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ด ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ํฅ์์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค | ๋ฌ๊ฑ๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฒฝ๋์ ์ด ์ ํญ ํฅ์ (Soliman et al. 2025) | ์
์ฆ๋จ; ํ์ฅ์ฑ์ ํ์ง ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์ฉ์ฑ์ ์์กด |
| ๊ณผ๋ํ ๋จ์ด์ด ์จ๋ ๊ธฐํ์์ ๊ณผ์ด์ ์ ๋ฐํ ์ ์๋ค | ๋จ์ ๋ฝ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ ์ธํผ ์ต์ ํ์์ ๋จ์ด-๊ณผ์ด ์์ถฉ ๊ด๊ณ ํ์ธ (Resende & Corvacho 2024) | ํ์ธ๋จ; ๊ธฐํ ํน์ด์ ์ค๊ณ๊ฐ ํ์์ |
| ๊ฐ๋ณด์ ์ ๋ต์ ๋ฏธ๋ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค | ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ ์๋๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๋ํ ML ์ต์ ํ ๊ฐ๋ณด์ (Ibrahim et al. 2024) | ์ค์ํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ; ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ๋ณด์๋ ๊ธฐํ ์์ธก์ ๋ฌด์ |
| NZEB๋ ๊ทนํ์ ๊ณ ์จ ๊ฑด์กฐ ๊ธฐํ์์๋ ๋ฌ์ฑ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค | ํจ์๋ธ + ํ์๊ด์ ์ ์ฉํ UAE ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ํ์ด ์์๋์ง ์ ๋ก ๋ฌ์ฑ (Abuimara et al. 2025) | ์ค๊ณ ๋จ๊ณ์์ ์
์ฆ๋จ; ์ด์ ์ค ๊ฒ์ฆ ํ์ |
๋ฏธํด๊ฒฐ ์ง๋ฌธ
๋ด์ฌ ์๋์ง: NZEB๋ ์ด์ ์๋์ง์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถ๋ค. ๋ด์ฌ ์๋์ง(๋จ์ด์ฌ, ํ์๊ด ํจ๋, ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ ์ ์กฐ)๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, NZEB๋ ์ง์ ํ ์์ ๋ก ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋๊ฐ?
์ฌ์ค์ ํ๋: ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ฑ๋ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ํ์ค ์ฌ์ค ํจํด์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค. ์ค์ ์ฌ์ค์ ํ๋(์จ๋ ์กฐ์ ์ฅ์น ์ค์ , ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๊ฐํ, ํ๋ฌ๊ทธ ๋ถํ)์ ์ค๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ฒ์ด๋๋๊ฐ?
๊ณํต ์ํธ์์ฉ: NZEB๋ ๋ง์ ๋ ํ๋ฎ์ ์์ฌ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ์์ฐํ๊ณ ์ ๋
ํผํฌ ์๊ฐ๋์ ์๋นํ ์ ์๋ค. ์์คํ
ํธ์ต์ ์ํด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ-๊ณํต ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ด๋ฆฌํด์ผ ํ๋๊ฐ?
๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ: NZEB ๊ฑด์ค ๋น์ฉ์ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋๋น 5โ15% ๋ ๋๋ค. ํนํ ์๋์ง ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ฎ์ ์์ฅ์์ ์ด ์ถ๊ฐ ๋น์ฉ์ด ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์๋์ง ์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋นํ๋ ์ ์๋๊ฐ?์ฐธ๊ณ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ
- [1] Soliman, W. et al. (2025). Green building development with modified clay bricks and eggshell waste. Scientific Reports. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-87435-4
- [2] Resende, J. & Corvacho, H. (2024). Optimisation of nZEB Envelope for Passive Thermal Comfort in Southern Europe. Buildings, 14(9), 2757. DOI: 10.3390/buildings14092757
- [3] Ibrahim, M. et al. (2024). Building retrofitting towards net zero energy under climate change. J. Physics: Conference Series. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2857/1/012026
- [4] Abuimara, T. et al. (2025). Designing a Net-Zero Energy Housing Archetype for UAE. Environmental Science and Sustainable Development. DOI: 10.21625/essd.v10i3.1224
- [5] Wang, J. et al. (2024). Net-Zero Building Technology in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Regions. J. Building Technology and Practice. DOI: 10.22158/jbtp.v12n3p48
References (5)
Soliman, W., Ahmed, Y. M. Z., Ghitas, A., ElโShater, A., & Shahat, M. A. (2025). Green building development utilising modified fired clay bricks and eggshell waste. Scientific Reports, 15(1).
Resende, J., & Corvacho, H. (2024). Optimisation of Nearly Zero Energy Building Envelope for Passive Thermal Comfort in Southern Europe. Buildings, 14(9), 2757.
Ibrahim, M., Harkouss, F., Biwole, P., Fardoun, F., & Oultboukhtine, S. (2024). Building retrofitting towards net zero energy under climate change. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2857(1), 012026.
Abuimara, T., Haddad, M., Aldhaheri, A., Alzubaidi, M., Alyafei, M., & Alderei, R. (2025). House of the Future: Designing a Net-Zero Energy Housing Archetype for Emirati Families. Environmental Science & Sustainable Development, 67-80.
Jing, W., Lijuan, C., Huili, C., Miaomiao, L., Qianqian, C., Chuanli, Y., et al. (2024). Practical Exploration of Net-Zero Building Technology in Hot Summer and Cold Winter RegionsโQingdao Sino-German Eco-Park Longfor Guangnian Project as an Example. Journal of Business Theory and Practice, 12(3), p48.