Critical ReviewInterdisciplinary
Digital Burnout in Hybrid Work: When Flexibility Becomes Exhaustion
Hybrid work promised the best of both worldsโoffice collaboration and home flexibility. Instead, many workers experience digital burnout: mental exhaustion from continuous video calls, chat notifications, and the blurred boundary between work and life. Recent research documents the mechanisms and proposes organizational interventions.
By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.
The pandemic-era shift to remote and hybrid work was widely celebrated as a flexibility revolution. Five to six years later, a different picture has emerged: "Zoom fatigue," notification overload, always-on expectations, and the disappearance of boundaries between work and personal life are producing a syndrome researchers call "digital burnout"โmental and emotional exhaustion caused not by the work itself but by the digital medium through which it is conducted.
The Research Landscape
Mateen and Ullah (2025), with 1 citation, examined hybrid work conditions across technology, education, and finance sectors (N=320 participants). Their findings reveal that hybrid work environments improved perceived productivity but also increased digital burnout symptomsโcreating a paradox where workers perform better while feeling worse. The strongest predictor of burnout was not work hours but technology intensity: the number of digital tools used simultaneously, the frequency of context-switching between platforms, and the expectation of immediate responsiveness.
Nurhayati and Jannah (2025) focus specifically on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)โthe voluntary, extra-role behaviors (helping colleagues, mentoring, volunteering for committees) that sustain organizational culture. Their study of Indonesian remote workers finds that digital burnout significantly reduces OCB: exhausted workers still perform their core duties but withdraw from the discretionary behaviors that build social cohesion. This is a hidden cost of digital burnoutโit does not show up in productivity metrics but erodes the organizational fabric over time.
Jain et al. (2025), with 4 citations, provide a multilevel conceptual analysis of digital fatigue, distinguishing between individual-level factors (personality, coping strategies), team-level factors (meeting culture, communication norms), and organizational-level factors (technology policies, workload expectations). Their framework suggests that interventions must operate at all three levels: individual resilience training alone cannot overcome toxic meeting cultures or unrealistic response-time expectations.
Aboobaker and Shanujas (2024), with 12 citations, add a concerning dimension: workplace cyberbullying in remote and hybrid settings. The digital medium enables new forms of exclusion, harassment, and hostilityโdeliberate omission from virtual meetings, passive-aggressive email tone, public shaming in group chatsโthat are harder to detect and address than face-to-face bullying.
Critical Analysis: Claims and Evidence
<
| Claim | Evidence | Verdict |
|---|
| Hybrid work increases productivity but also digital burnout | Mateen et al.'s cross-sector survey | โ
Supported |
| Digital burnout reduces organizational citizenship behavior | Nurhayati et al.'s OCB analysis | โ
Supported |
| Digital fatigue operates at individual, team, and organizational levels | Jain et al.'s multilevel framework | โ ๏ธ Uncertain โ conceptually sound; empirical validation needed |
| Remote work enables new forms of workplace cyberbullying | Aboobaker & Shanujas's study | โ
Supported โ 12 citations |
What This Means for Your Research
For organizational researchers, digital burnout represents a new construct distinct from traditional burnoutโrequiring new measurement instruments and intervention strategies. For HR practitioners, the OCB finding suggests that digital burnout has costs that productivity metrics do not capture.
Explore related work through ORAA ResearchBrain.
๋ฉด์ฑ
์กฐํญ: ์ด ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ์ ์ ๋ณด ์ ๊ณต ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ํฅ ๊ฐ์์ด๋ค. ํน์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํต๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ธ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์๋ฌธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ํตํด ๊ฒ์ฆํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์์์ ๋์งํธ ๋ฒ์์: ์ ์ฐ์ฑ์ด ํ์ง์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ ๋
ํฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน ์๋์ ์๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ก์ ์ ํ์ ์ ์ฐ์ฑ ํ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฆฌ ํ์๋ฐ์๋ค. 5~6๋
์ด ์ง๋ ์ง๊ธ, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์์ด ๋ํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. "Zoom ํผ๋ก," ์๋ฆผ ๊ณผ๋ถํ, ํญ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ธฐ๋, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์
๋ฌด์ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ํ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์๋ฉธ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค์ด "๋์งํธ ๋ฒ์์(digital burnout)"์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ์ ์ผ๊ธฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์
๋ฌด ์์ฒด๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ ๋์งํธ ๋งค์ฒด๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ์ ์ ์ ยท์ ์์ ํ์ง์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ํฅ
Mateen๊ณผ Ullah(2025)๋ ํผ์ธ์ฉ 1ํ๋ก, ๊ธฐ์ , ๊ต์ก, ๊ธ์ต ๋ถ์ผ์ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทผ๋ฌด ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์๋ค(N=320๋ช
). ์ด๋ค์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทผ๋ฌด ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ์ง๊ฐ๋ ์์ฐ์ฑ์ ํฅ์์ํค๋ ๋์์ ๋์งํธ ๋ฒ์์ ์ฆ์๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํจ๋ค๋ ์ญ์ค์ ์ํฉ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ธ๋ค. ์ฆ, ๊ทผ๋ก์๋ค์ด ๋ ๋์ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ฉด์๋ ๋ ๋์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฒ์์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์์ธก ๋ณ์ธ์ ๊ทผ๋ฌด ์๊ฐ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ธฐ์ ์ง์ฝ๋(technology intensity)์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๋์งํธ ๋๊ตฌ์ ์, ํ๋ซํผ ๊ฐ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์ ํ ๋น๋, ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์๋ต์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ๋๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ค.
Nurhayati์ Jannah(2025)๋ ์กฐ์ง์๋ฏผํ๋(OCB, organizational citizenship behavior), ์ฆ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ ์๋ฐ์ ยท์ญํ ์ธ ํ๋(๋๋ฃ ์ง์, ๋ฉํ ๋ง, ์์ํ ์์๋ด์ฌ ๋ฑ)์ ํนํ ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถ๋ค. ์ธ๋๋ค์์ ์๊ฒฉ ๊ทผ๋ก์๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ ์ด๋ค์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋์งํธ ๋ฒ์์์ด OCB๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ฏธํ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์์ํจ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐํ๋ธ๋ค. ํ์งํ ๊ทผ๋ก์๋ค์ ์ฌ์ ํ ํต์ฌ ์
๋ฌด๋ ์ํํ์ง๋ง, ์ฌํ์ ๊ฒฐ์๋ ฅ์ ํ์ฑํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ํ๋์์๋ ๋ฌผ๋ฌ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋์งํธ ๋ฒ์์์ ์จ๊ฒจ์ง ๋น์ฉ์ผ๋ก, ์์ฐ์ฑ ์งํ์๋ ๋ํ๋์ง ์์ง๋ง ์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ์ง์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
Jain ๋ฑ(2025)์ ํผ์ธ์ฉ 4ํ๋ก, ๋์งํธ ํผ๋ก(digital fatigue)์ ๋ํ ๋ค์ธต์ ๊ฐ๋
๋ถ์์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ธ ์์ค ์์ธ(์ฑ๊ฒฉ, ๋์ฒ ์ ๋ต), ํ ์์ค ์์ธ(ํ์ ๋ฌธํ, ์์ฌ์ํต ๊ท๋ฒ), ์กฐ์ง ์์ค ์์ธ(๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฑ
, ์
๋ฌด๋ ๊ธฐ๋)์ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ํ๋ ์์ํฌ๋ ๊ฐ์
์ด ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์์ค ๋ชจ๋์์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ์ผ ํจ์ ์์ฌํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํ๋ณตํ๋ ฅ์ฑ ํ๋ จ๋ง์ผ๋ก๋ ๋
์ฑ์ ์ธ ํ์ ๋ฌธํ๋ ๋นํ์ค์ ์ธ ์๋ต ์๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ ์ ์๋ค.
Aboobaker์ Shanujas(2024)๋ ํผ์ธ์ฉ 12ํ๋ก, ์๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์์์ ์ง์ฅ ๋ด ์ฌ์ด๋ฒ๋ถ๋ง(cyberbullying)์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฐ๋ ค์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋์งํธ ๋งค์ฒด๋ ๊ฐ์ ํ์์์์ ์๋์ ๋ฐฐ์ , ์๋ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฉ์ผ ์ด์กฐ, ๋จ์ฒด ์ฑํ
์์์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์์น์ฌ ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฑ ๋๋ฉด ๋ถ๋ง๋ณด๋ค ๊ฐ์งํ๊ณ ๋์ฒํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ์๋ก์ด ํํ์ ๋ฐฐ์ , ๊ดด๋กญํ, ์ ๋ ํ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
๋นํ์ ๋ถ์: ์ฃผ์ฅ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ
<
| ์ฃผ์ฅ | ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ | ํ์ |
|---|
| ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ ์์ฐ์ฑ์ ๋์ด์ง๋ง ๋์งํธ ๋ฒ์์๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํจ๋ค | Mateen ๋ฑ์ ๋ค๋ถ์ผ ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ | โ
์ง์ง๋จ |
| ๋์งํธ ๋ฒ์์์ ์กฐ์ง์๋ฏผํ๋์ ๊ฐ์์ํจ๋ค | Nurhayati ๋ฑ์ OCB ๋ถ์ | โ
์ง์ง๋จ |
| ๋์งํธ ํผ๋ก๋ ๊ฐ์ธ, ํ, ์กฐ์ง ์์ค์์ ์์ฉํ๋ค | Jain ๋ฑ์ ๋ค์ธต์ ํ๋ ์์ํฌ | โ ๏ธ ๋ถํ์ค โ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ํ๋นํ๋ ๊ฒฝํ์ ๊ฒ์ฆ ํ์ |
| ์๊ฒฉ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ ์๋ก์ด ํํ์ ์ง์ฅ ๋ด ์ฌ์ด๋ฒ๋ถ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค | Aboobaker & Shanujas์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ | โ
์ง์ง๋จ โ ํผ์ธ์ฉ 12ํ |
์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ฅผ ์ํ ์์ฌ์
์กฐ์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋์งํธ ๋ฒ์์์ ์ ํต์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์์๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋๋ ์๋ก์ด ๊ตฌ์ฑ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก, ์๋ก์ด ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ์ ๊ฐ์
์ ๋ต์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. HR ์ค๋ฌด์๋ค์๊ฒ OCB ๊ด๋ จ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋์งํธ ๋ฒ์์์ด ์์ฐ์ฑ ์งํ๋ก๋ ํฌ์ฐฉ๋์ง ์๋ ๋น์ฉ์ ์๋ฐํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ฌํ๋ค.
ORAA ResearchBrain์ ํตํด ๊ด๋ จ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ํด ๋ณด๋ผ.
References (5)
[1] Mateen, A., Khoso, R.A., & Ullah, W. (2025). Employee Well-Being in Hybrid Work Environments. International Journal of Social Sciences, 4(4).
[2] Nurhayati, A., Zamzami, S., & Jannah, L.N. (2025). The Impact of Digital Burnout on OCB among Remote Workers.
[3] Jain, S. et al. (2025). Digital Fatigue and Employee Engagement in Hybrid Work: A Multilevel Perspective.
[4] Aboobaker, N. & Shanujas, V. (2024). Towards a sustainable workplace: investigating workplace cyberbullying in remote and hybrid settings. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management.
Nurhayati, A., Zamzami, S., & Jannah, L. N. (2025). The Impact of Digital Burnout on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) among Remote Workers. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 4(2), 115-126.