Trend AnalysisEngineering
Energy Harvesting for IoT: Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Self-Powered Sensors
The Internet of Things envisions billions of distributed sensors monitoring infrastructure, environment, and health. Powering them with batteries creates a maintenance nightmare โ replacing billions o...
By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.
The Question
The Internet of Things envisions billions of distributed sensors monitoring infrastructure, environment, and health. Powering them with batteries creates a maintenance nightmare โ replacing billions of batteries is impractical and environmentally costly. Energy harvesting converts ambient mechanical energy (vibrations, human motion, fluid flow) into electricity, enabling self-powered, maintenance-free sensors. Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are the leading transduction mechanisms. Can they generate enough power for practical IoT sensor nodes?
Landscape
Afshar et al. (2025) reviewed energy harvesting technologies for self-powered wearable devices, with focus on polymer-based materials. Polymers (PVDF, PDMS, PU) offer flexibility, biocompatibility, and low cost โ essential for skin-worn devices. Their review documented that hybrid systems integrating multiple energy harvesting mechanisms can maximize power generation by capturing different frequency ranges and motion types simultaneously.
Jaiswal et al. (2024) developed a sodium niobate nanowire-embedded TENG that simultaneously harvests energy and serves as a self-powered CO gas sensor. This dual-function approach addresses a key limitation: most IoT sensors need both power and sensing capability. By combining both in a single device, the system complexity and cost are dramatically reduced.
Hussain et al. (2025) reviewed piezoelectric-triboelectric hybrid nanogenerators, showing that hybrid designs achieve higher power density (ยตW to mW range) sufficient to drive low-power microcontrollers and wireless transmitters for IoT applications. The hybrid approach also improves energy harvesting across a broader range of mechanical inputs.
S. Yang et al. (2025) demonstrated CNT-doped polyurethane TENGs for motion sensing, achieving both energy harvesting and gesture recognition from a single flexible film โ relevant for human-machine interaction in wearable IoT devices.
Key Claims & Evidence
<
| Claim | Evidence | Verdict |
|---|
| Hybrid PENG+TENG generates more power than single mechanism | Review of polymer-based hybrid systems (Afshar et al. 2025) | Supported; hybrid designs emerging as standard |
| Single devices can simultaneously harvest energy and sense | NaNbOโ/PVA TENG doubles as CO gas sensor (Jaiswal et al. 2024) | Demonstrated; multi-functional integration is a design trend |
| ยตW-mW power output is sufficient for IoT sensor nodes | Hybrid nanogenerators power BLE transmitters and MCUs (Hussain et al. 2025) | Supported for low-duty-cycle sensing; continuous sensing needs energy storage |
| CNT-doped polymers improve TENG performance | Enhanced output and mechanical durability (S. Yang et al. 2025) | Supported; nanofiller optimisation ongoing |
Open Questions
Power management: Nanogenerator output is irregular and low-voltage. Can power management circuits efficiently rectify, store, and regulate this output for digital electronics?
Durability: How do polymer-based nanogenerators perform after millions of mechanical cycles over years of deployment?
Scalable manufacturing: Can roll-to-roll printing produce nanogenerators at the cost and volume needed for billion-device IoT?
Environmental conditions: How does performance vary across temperature, humidity, and contamination โ the real conditions of infrastructure monitoring?Referenced Papers
- [1] Afshar, H. et al. (2025). Energy Harvesting Technologies for Self-Powered Wearable Devices. Polymers for Advanced Technologies. DOI: 10.1002/pat.70187
- [2] Jaiswal, M. et al. (2024). NaNbOโ/PVA-Hydrogel TENG for Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered CO Sensor. Small. DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403699
- [3] Hussain, S.Z. et al. (2025). Piezoelectric-Triboelectric Hybrid Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Sensing. Small. DOI: 10.1002/smll.202504626
- [4] Mahanty, B. & Lee, D.-W. (2024). Advancements in Energy Harvesting for Self-powered Sensor Systems. Int. J. Precision Engineering and Manufacturing. DOI: 10.57062/ijpem-st.2024.00080
- [5] Yang, S. et al. (2025). CNT-Doped PU Nanocomposite TENG for Mechanical Energy Harvesting. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c05754
๋ฉด์ฑ
์กฐํญ: ์ด ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ์ ์ ๋ณด ์ ๊ณต ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ํฅ ๊ฐ์์ด๋ค. ํน์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํต๊ณ, ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ์ ์ ์๋ฌผ์ ์ธ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์๋ฌธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ํตํด ๋ฐ๋์ ๊ฒ์ฆํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
IoT๋ฅผ ์ํ ์๋์ง ํ๋ฒ ์คํ
: ์์ ๋ฐ ๋ง์ฐฐ์ ๊ธฐ ์๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ผ์
๋ถ์ผ: ๊ณตํ | ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก : ์คํ์
์ ์: Sean K.S. Shin | ๋ ์ง: 2026-03-17
์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ง๋ฌธ
์ฌ๋ฌผ์ธํฐ๋ท(IoT)์ ์ธํ๋ผ, ํ๊ฒฝ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋งํ๋ ์์ญ์ต ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์ฐ ์ผ์๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ํ๋ฉด ์ ์ง๋ณด์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค โ ์์ญ์ต ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฒดํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋น์ค์ฉ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ํฐ ๋น์ฉ์ด ๋ ๋ค. ์๋์ง ํ๋ฒ ์คํ
์ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์๋์ง(์ง๋, ์ธ์ฒด ๋์, ์ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ)๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ณํํ์ฌ ์๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ํ ๋ฌด์ ์ง๋ณด์ ์ผ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ์์ ๋๋
ธ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ(PENG)์ ๋ง์ฐฐ์ ๊ธฐ ๋๋
ธ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ(TENG)๋ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๋ณํ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ด๋ค. ๊ณผ์ฐ ์ด๋ค์ด ์ค์ฉ์ ์ธ IoT ์ผ์ ๋
ธ๋์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ์์ฑํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ?
์ฐ๊ตฌ ํํฉ
Afshar et al. (2025)์ ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ฌ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถ์ด ์๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ํ ์จ์ด๋ฌ๋ธ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์๋์ง ํ๋ฒ ์คํ
๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ฒํ ํ์๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ถ์(PVDF, PDMS, PU)๋ ์ ์ฐ์ฑ, ์์ฒด์ ํฉ์ฑ, ์ ๋น์ฉ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ฉฐ โ ์ด๋ ํผ๋ถ ์ฐฉ์ฉ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ ํ์์ ์ธ ํน์ฑ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์์๋ ๋ค์ค ์๋์ง ํ๋ฒ ์คํ
๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ํตํฉํ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์คํ
์ด ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผํ์ ๋ฒ์์ ๋์ ์ ํ์ ๋์์ ํฌ์ฐฉํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ ๋ ฅ ์์ฐ์ ๊ทน๋ํํ ์ ์์์ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์๋ค.
Jaiswal et al. (2024)์ ๋์ค๋ธ์ฐ๋ํธ๋ฅจ ๋๋
ธ์์ด์ด๊ฐ ๋ด์ฅ๋ TENG์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ ๋์์ ์๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ํ CO ๊ฐ์ค ์ผ์๋ก๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅํ๋๋ก ํ์๋ค. ์ด ์ด์ค ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์์ ํต์ฌ์ ์ธ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ค: ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ IoT ์ผ์๋ ์ ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋จ์ผ ์์์ ํตํฉํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์์คํ
์ ๋ณต์ก์ฑ๊ณผ ๋น์ฉ์ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
Hussain et al. (2025)์ ์์ -๋ง์ฐฐ์ ๊ธฐ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋๋
ธ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ์ฌ, ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ค๊ณ๊ฐ IoT ์์ฉ์์ ์ ์ ๋ ฅ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก์ปจํธ๋กค๋ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์ ์ก์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ํ๊ธฐ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๋ ๋์ ์ ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ๋(ยตW~mW ๋ฒ์)๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ํ ๋ ๋์ ๋ฒ์์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์
๋ ฅ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์๋์ง ํ๋ฒ ์คํ
์ ํฅ์์ํจ๋ค.
S. Yang et al. (2025)์ CNT ๋ํ ํด๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ ํ TENG์ ์ด์ฉํ ๋์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ์์ฐํ์ฌ, ๋จ์ผ ์ ์ฐ ํ๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์๋์ง ํ๋ฒ ์คํ
๊ณผ ์ ์ค์ฒ ์ธ์์ ๋์์ ๊ตฌํํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ โ ์ด๋ ์จ์ด๋ฌ๋ธ IoT ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์์์ ์ธ๊ฐ-๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ์ ํฉํ๋ค.
์ฃผ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ
<
| ์ฃผ์ฅ | ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ | ํ์ |
|---|
| ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ PENG+TENG์ ๋จ์ผ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ง์ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ์์ฑํ๋ค | ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์คํ
๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ (Afshar et al. 2025) | ์ง์ง๋จ; ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ค๊ณ๊ฐ ํ์ค์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ ์ค |
| ๋จ์ผ ์์๊ฐ ์๋์ง ์ํ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ๋์์ ์ํํ ์ ์๋ค | NaNbOโ/PVA TENG์ด CO ๊ฐ์ค ์ผ์๋ก๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅํจ (Jaiswal et al. 2024) | ์
์ฆ๋จ; ๋ค๊ธฐ๋ฅ ํตํฉ์ด ์ค๊ณ ํธ๋ ๋ |
| ยตW~mW ์ ๋ ฅ ์ถ๋ ฅ์ IoT ์ผ์ ๋
ธ๋์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ๋ค | ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋๋
ธ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ BLE ์ก์ ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ MCU ๊ตฌ๋ (Hussain et al. 2025) | ์ ๋ํฐ์ฌ์ดํด ๊ฐ์ง์ ๋ํด ์ง์ง๋จ; ์ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง์๋ ์๋์ง ์ ์ฅ ํ์ |
| CNT ๋ํ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋ TENG ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ํฅ์์ํจ๋ค | ์ถ๋ ฅ ํฅ์ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ๋ด๊ตฌ์ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ (S. Yang et al. 2025) | ์ง์ง๋จ; ๋๋
ธํ๋ฌ ์ต์ ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์งํ ์ค |
๋ฏธํด๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ์
์ ๋ ฅ ๊ด๋ฆฌ: ๋๋
ธ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ ์ถ๋ ฅ์ ๋ถ๊ท์นํ๊ณ ์ ์ ์์ด๋ค. ์ ๋ ฅ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ํ๋ก๊ฐ ์ด ์ถ๋ ฅ์ ๋์งํธ ์ ์๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ ๋ง๊ฒ ํจ์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฅ, ์ ์ฅ, ์กฐ์ ํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ?
๋ด๊ตฌ์ฑ: ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๋๋
ธ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ ์๋
๊ฐ์ ์ด์ฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์๋ฐฑ๋ง ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์ฌ์ดํด ํ์๋ ์ด๋ค ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๋ฐํํ๋๊ฐ?
๋๊ท๋ชจ ์ ์กฐ: ๋กคํฌ๋กค(roll-to-roll) ์ธ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ์์ญ์ต ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๊ท๋ชจ์ IoT์ ํ์ํ ๋น์ฉ๊ณผ ์์ฐ๋์ผ๋ก ๋๋
ธ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์กฐํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ?
ํ๊ฒฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด: ์ธํ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง์ ์ค์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ธ ์จ๋, ์ต๋, ์ค์ผ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋๊ฐ?References (5)
Afshar, H., Kamran, F., & Shahi, F. (2025). Recent Progress in Energy Harvesting Technologies for SelfโPowered Wearable Devices: The Significance of Polymers. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 36(4).
Jaiswal, M., Singh, S., Sharma, B., Choudhary, S., Kumar, R., & Sharma, S. K. (2024). Sodium Niobate Nanowires Embedded PVAโHydrogelโBased Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Versatile Energy Harvesting and SelfโPowered CO Gas Sensor. Small.
Hussain, S. Z., Singh, V. P., Sadeque, M. S. B., Yavari, S., Kalimuldina, G., & Ordu, M. (2025). PiezoelectricโTriboelectric Hybrid Nanogenerator for Energy Harvesting and SelfโPowered Sensing Applications. Small, 21(43).
Mahanty, B., & Lee, D. (2024). Advancements in Energy Harvesting: Piezoelectric, Triboelectric, Pyroelectric, and Magnetoelectric Technologies for Self-powered Sensor Systems. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Smart Technology, 2(2), 151-167.
Yang, S., Goncharenko, D. V., Ji, P., Grozova, N. A., Semencha, A. V., Larionova, T. V., et al. (2025). A Carbon Nanotube-Doped Polyurethane Nanocomposite-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator: A Platform for Efficient Mechanical Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Motion Sensing. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 17(26), 38469-38480.