Trend AnalysisEngineering
Biomimetic Soft Robots: Nature-Inspired Machines That Swim, Crawl, and Flex
Conventional robots are rigid, heavy, and clumsy in unstructured environments. Biological organisms, by contrast, achieve remarkable agility through soft, compliant bodies β octopus tentacles, jellyfi...
By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.
The Question
Conventional robots are rigid, heavy, and clumsy in unstructured environments. Biological organisms, by contrast, achieve remarkable agility through soft, compliant bodies β octopus tentacles, jellyfish bells, caterpillar locomotion, fish fins. Biomimetic soft robots attempt to replicate these capabilities using flexible materials (silicones, hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers) and novel actuation mechanisms (pneumatic, hydraulic, electroactive, photothermal). Can these nature-inspired machines perform useful tasks, or are they limited to laboratory demonstrations of animal-like movement?
Landscape
Zang et al. (2025) in Advanced Materials, provided a comprehensive review of liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) soft actuators that mimic biological locomotion. LCEs undergo reversible shape changes upon heating, light exposure, or humidity changes β enabling untethered, autonomous soft robots. They catalogued LCE robots that walk, crawl, swim, and grasp, noting that LCE actuators now surpass the locomotion speed and force output of natural soft organisms in some metrics.
Shibuya et al. (2024) developed waterproof electrohydraulic soft actuators (HASEL actuators) for underwater bio-inspired robots. The key innovation: silicone layering that prevents water intrusion while maintaining the large deformations and fast response times of electrohydraulic actuation. This addresses a practical barrier β most soft actuators fail in wet environments.
Xiao et al. (2025) created a biomimetic soft crawling robot with non-contact sensing capability for confined space navigation β combining locomotion and perception in a single soft-bodied platform. The robot uses magnetic field sensing to detect obstacles without physical contact, mimicking the lateral line sensing of fish.
Cornejo et al. (2024) extended biomimetic robotics to space exploration, proposing animal-morphing robots for lunar surface exploration. Their framework identified biological locomotion strategies (legged, serpentine, jumping) suited to low-gravity, rough-terrain environments where wheeled rovers struggle.
Key Claims & Evidence
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| Claim | Evidence | Verdict |
|---|
| LCE actuators surpass biological organisms in some performance metrics | Speed and force comparisons across LCE robots (Zang et al. 2025) | Supported for specific metrics; biological organisms still win on versatility |
| Waterproof soft actuators enable practical underwater robots | Silicone-layered HASEL actuators operate underwater (Shibuya et al. 2024) | Demonstrated; long-term underwater durability not yet proven |
| Soft robots can integrate locomotion and sensing | Crawling robot with magnetic non-contact sensing (Xiao et al. 2025) | Demonstrated; sensing range limited |
| Bio-inspired locomotion is suited to extreme environments | Animal-morphing designs proposed for lunar exploration (Cornejo et al. 2024) | Conceptual; no space-tested soft robot exists |
Open Questions
Autonomy: Most soft robots are tethered to external power and control. Can on-board energy (batteries, harvested energy) and embedded intelligence (neuromorphic control) enable truly autonomous soft robots?
Durability: Soft materials fatigue faster than metals. Can self-healing polymers or bio-degradable soft robots address the durability limitation?
Scale: Most demonstrations are centimetre-scale. Can soft robot principles scale up to human-size assistive devices, or down to millimetre-scale medical robots?
Human interaction: Soft robots' inherent compliance makes them safe around humans. Can they serve as next-generation prosthetics, exoskeletons, or surgical tools?Referenced Papers
- [1] Cornejo, J. et al. (2024). Animal-Morphing Bio-Inspired Systems for Lunar Exploration. Biomimetics, 9(11), 693. DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9110693
- [2] Zang, T. et al. (2025). Bio-Inspired Liquid Crystal Elastomer Soft Actuators. Adv. Mater. DOI: 10.1002/adma.202508694
- [3] Shibuya, T. et al. (2024). Waterproof electrohydraulic soft actuators for underwater robots. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 11, 1298624. DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2024.1298624
- [4] Xiao, Y. et al. (2025). Biomimetic soft crawling robot with non-contact sensing. Science China Materials. DOI: 10.1007/s40843-024-3219-9
- [5] Chen, S. et al. (2025). Biological Strategies in Underwater Soft Robot Engineering. Biomimetics, 10(6), 362. DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics10060362
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Cornejo, J., GarcΓa Cena, C. E., & Baca, J. (2024). Animal-Morphing Bio-Inspired Mechatronic Systems: Research Framework in Robot Design to Enhance Interplanetary Exploration on the Moon. Biomimetics, 9(11), 693.
Zang, T., Wang, J., Yan, G., Lu, X., Hu, J., Xia, H., et al. (2025). State of the Art, Insights and Perspectives for BioβInspired Liquid Crystal Elastomer Soft Actuators. Advanced Materials, 37(41).
Shibuya, T., Watanabe, S., & Shintake, J. (2024). Silicone-layered waterproof electrohydraulic soft actuators for bio-inspired underwater robots. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 11.
Xiao, Y., Zhou, Z., Pan, X., Liu, Y., Mei, H., Wang, H., et al. (2025). Biomimetic soft crawling robot with non-contact sensing for confined spaces. Science China Materials, 68(2), 531-541.
Chen, S., Xu, H., Zhang, X., Jiang, T., & Ma, Z. (2025). Inversion of Biological Strategies in Engineering Technology: A Case Study of the Underwater Soft Robot. Biomimetics, 10(6), 362.