Trend AnalysisEngineering

Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolysis: Affordable Green Hydrogen Without Precious Metals

PEM electrolysis produces green hydrogen efficiently but requires expensive iridium and platinum catalysts. Conventional alkaline electrolysis uses cheap nickel catalysts but operates with a corrosive...

By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.

The Question

PEM electrolysis produces green hydrogen efficiently but requires expensive iridium and platinum catalysts. Conventional alkaline electrolysis uses cheap nickel catalysts but operates with a corrosive liquid KOH electrolyte that limits current density and response time. Anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis promises the best of both worlds: a solid polymer membrane (like PEM) but operating in alkaline conditions (enabling non-precious metal catalysts like nickel, cobalt, and manganese). Can AEM electrolysis achieve the performance of PEM at the cost of conventional alkaline?

Landscape

L. Xie et al. (2024) in Nature Communications, developed flexible tungsten disulfide (WSโ‚‚) superstructures as non-precious metal cathode catalysts for AEM water electrolysis. Their nanostructured WSโ‚‚ achieved HER activity approaching platinum while operating at industrially relevant current densities (1 A/cmยฒ) โ€” demonstrating performance at commercially viable scales.

W. Li et al. (2025) developed a zwitterion-modified NiFe OER catalyst that achieves ultra-stable operation by engineering a dynamic alkaline microenvironment at the catalyst surface. The key insight: in AEM electrolysis, OHโป transport from the membrane to catalytic sites is often rate-limiting, causing local acidification that degrades performance. Zwitterionic modification maintains local pH, stabilising both catalyst and membrane.

Muhyuddin et al. (2025) in Chemical Reviews, provided a comprehensive review of AEM electrolysis with alkali-free water feed โ€” the holy grail configuration where pure water (no added KOH) is the only input. Operating without liquid electrolyte simplifies system design and eliminates corrosion, but dramatically increases the demands on membrane conductivity and catalyst activity.

K. Singh & Selvaraj (2024) demonstrated hierarchically porous non-precious metal electrocatalysts with tensile nanostructuring that enhances both activity and durability by increasing active site density while improving mass transport through the electrode.

Key Claims & Evidence

<
ClaimEvidenceVerdict
Non-precious metal cathodes can approach Pt-level HER activityWSโ‚‚ superstructures at 1 A/cmยฒ (L. Xie et al. 2024)Demonstrated; long-term stability data accumulating
Local pH management stabilises AEM electrolyser performanceZwitterion-modified NiFe maintains alkaline microenvironment (W. Li et al. 2025)Innovative approach; addresses a key degradation mechanism
Pure-water-feed AEM electrolysis is achievableReview of operational challenges and solutions (Muhyuddin et al. 2025)Demonstrated but performance gap vs. KOH-fed systems
Nanostructured electrodes improve both activity and durabilityHierarchically porous catalysts enhance mass transport (K. Singh & Selvaraj 2024)Supported; architecture engineering is as important as composition

Open Questions

  • Membrane lifetime: AEM membranes degrade through OHโป-induced backbone scission. Can new polymer chemistries (aryl ether-free, poly(aryl piperidinium)) achieve >10,000-hour lifetimes?
  • System cost target: DOE targets $300/kW for electrolysers. Can AEM systems achieve this with non-precious metals and affordable membranes?
  • Pure-water performance gap: AEM electrolysers fed with pure water achieve ~50% of the performance of KOH-fed systems. Can this gap be closed?
  • Scale-up: Can AEM technology scale from laboratory cells (5โ€“25 cmยฒ) to industrial stacks (>1000 cmยฒ) while maintaining performance?
  • Referenced Papers

    • [1] Xie, L. et al. (2024). Flexible WSโ‚‚ superstructures for efficient alkaline HER in AEM-WE. Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50117-2
    • [2] Li, W. et al. (2025). Zwitterion-Modified NiFe for Ultra-Stable AEM Water Electrolysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. DOI: 10.1002/anie.202505924
    • [3] Muhyuddin, M. et al. (2025). AEM Electrolysis with Alkali-Free Water Feed. Chemical Reviews. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00466
    • [4] Singh, K. & Selvaraj, K. (2024). Tensile nanostructured non-precious metal electrocatalyst for AEM-WE. J. Colloid and Interface Science. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.170
    • [5] Lee, H. et al. (2025). Suppressing Mo-Species Leaching for Stable AEM-WE at Industrial Current Density. Adv. Sci. DOI: 10.1002/advs.202502478

    References (5)

    Xie, L., Wang, L., Liu, X., Chen, J., Wen, X., Zhao, W., et al. (2024). Flexible tungsten disulfide superstructure engineering for efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution in anion exchange membrane water electrolysers. Nature Communications, 15(1).
    Li, W., Ding, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Z., Lin, G., Wang, L., et al. (2025). Zwitterionโ€Modified NiFe OER Catalyst Achieving Ultrastable Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis via Dynamic Alkaline Microenvironment Engineering. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 64(33).
    Muhyuddin, M., Santoro, C., Osmieri, L., Ficca, V. C., Friedman, A., Yassin, K., et al. (2025). Anion-Exchange-Membrane Electrolysis with Alkali-Free Water Feed. Chemical Reviews, 125(15), 6906-6976.
    Singh, K., & Selvaraj, K. (2024). Tensile nanostructured hierarchically porous non-precious transition metal-based electrocatalyst for durable anion exchange membrane-based water electrolysis. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 664, 389-399.
    Lee, H., Ding, G., Wang, L., Ding, Y., Tang, T., & Sun, L. (2025). Suppressing Moโ€Species Leaching in MoOx/Aโ€Ni3S2 Cathode for Stable Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis at Industrialโ€Scale Current Density. Advanced Science, 12(27).

    Explore this topic deeper

    Search 290M+ papers, detect research gaps, and find what hasn't been studied yet.

    Click to remove unwanted keywords

    Search 8 keywords โ†’