Trend AnalysisEducation

Regional Education Hubs: Can the Global South Internationalize on Its Own Terms?

Regional education hubs in the Global South promise to reshape internationalization beyond Western templates. But do they genuinely construct alternative knowledge systems, or do they localize existing Global North practices under a new label? Five papers interrogate the tension between epistemic justice and institutional pragmatism.

By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.

The idea of a "regional education hub" carries an appealing promise: countries in the Global South can build centers of academic excellence that serve their own regions, on their own terms, without depending on the partnership agreements, accreditation standards, and ranking systems that have historically channeled international students and research funding toward North American and European institutions. Qatar's Education City, Malaysia's Iskandar hub, Kazakhstan's Nazarbayev University, and Rwanda's ambition to become an African knowledge economyโ€”each represents a version of this vision.

But Hwami and Shakuliyeva (2025) pose a question that complicates the narrative considerably: are regional education hubs in the Global South genuinely constructing alternative forms of internationalization, or are they localizing established Global North practicesโ€”importing curricula, hiring Western-trained faculty, adopting English as the language of instruction, and measuring success by the same ranking metrics that the hubs were supposed to transcend?

Epistemic Justice and the Cognitive Empire

Hwami and Shakuliyeva (2025) deploy two conceptual tools to analyze regional education hubs: Boaventura de Sousa Santos's "epistemic justice" and "cognitive empire." Epistemic justice demands that knowledge systems from the Global South be recognized as valid on their own terms, not merely as contributions to a universal (implicitly Western) body of knowledge. The cognitive empire refers to the persistent dominance of Western epistemological frameworks even in contexts where political colonialism has formally ended.

Their argument, applied to education hubs in Central Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, proceeds as follows: although regional hubs claim to promote South-South internationalization, their institutional structures reproduce Northern patterns. Curricula are modeled on North American or British templates. Quality assurance follows Bologna Process or ABET standards. Faculty hiring privileges PhD holders from Global North institutions. The language of instruction and publication is overwhelmingly English.

The result is what the authors characterize as a form of epistemic dependence dressed in the language of independence. The hub may be physically located in the Global South, but its knowledge architecture remains Northern. Students receive a "world-class" educationโ€”where "world-class" is defined by standards that were developed elsewhere, for different purposes, within different knowledge traditions.

Freire and Epistemic Disobedience

Du (2025) offers a counterpoint through Paulo Freire's critical pedagogy, exploring how Freire's philosophy can inform what the paper calls "critical internationalization studies" (CIS)โ€”a deliberately decolonial and non-Western approach to internationalization.

Freire's central insightโ€”that education is never neutral, that it either domesticates or liberatesโ€”applies directly to internationalization. Conventional internationalization, Du argues, operates as a form of domestication: it integrates Global South institutions into a global academic system whose rules, standards, and hierarchies were established without their participation. It trains students to succeed within that system, not to question or transform it.

A Freirean alternative would treat internationalization as a practice of "epistemic disobedience"โ€”a deliberate refusal to accept that the knowledge produced in Paris, London, or Boston is inherently more valid than the knowledge produced in Nairobi, La Paz, or Dhaka. This does not mean rejecting Western knowledge, but insisting on the equal validity of alternative epistemological traditions: indigenous knowledge systems, oral historiographies, community-based research methodologies, and pedagogies rooted in local cultural practices.

The practical implications are challenging. Epistemic disobedience requires institutional structures that most Global South universities currently lack: faculty trained in non-Western research traditions, curricula that center local knowledge, assessment practices that value community engagement alongside publication metrics, and funding sources that do not impose Northern research agendas.

The Bibliometric Evidence

Gaibor-Hinostroza, Espinoza-Parraga, and Ortiz-Ortiz (2026) contribute a systematic literature review with bibliometric analysis, examining global disparities in higher education internationalization from 2000 to 2025. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and analyzing 58 empirical studies from Scopus and Web of Science, they map the structural inequalities that persist in global academic exchange.

Their bibliometric analysis identifies persistent asymmetries in knowledge production about internationalization itself: the majority of research on Global South internationalization is conducted by researchers affiliated with Global North institutions, published in Northern journals, and framed within Northern theoretical traditions. The Global South is studied but rarely studies itselfโ€”a meta-level reproduction of the epistemic hierarchy that internationalization was supposed to address.

South-South Networks: An Alternative Infrastructure

Monk, Flores-Hinojos, and Mutalib (2025) explore South-South university networks as an alternative to hub-and-spoke internationalization models. Drawing on Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's caution against "the danger of a single story," the paper examines how universities in the Global South can construct collaborative research and teaching relationships that do not reproduce Northern dominance.

The paper interrogates epistemic injustice in global development discourse, challenging dominant narratives that define progress through a singular lens. The authors explore how universitiesโ€”often positioned as knowledge gatekeepersโ€”can either perpetuate or disrupt these narratives through their internationalization practices. South-South networks, they argue, offer a structural alternative: horizontal relationships between institutions that share similar challenges (resource constraints, brain drain, post-colonial knowledge hierarchies) and can develop solutions calibrated to their contexts.

The English Question

Becker (2026) addresses what may be the single most consequential dimension of epistemic hierarchy in internationalized higher education: the dominance of English. Examining how English-language dominance shapes epistemic hierarchies in Comparative and International Education (CIE), with a focus on "semi-peripheral" European higher education, the paper asks how internationalization policies and English-medium instruction (EMI) affect whose knowledge is recognized.

The concept of "soft coloniality of English" captures a dynamic that is often invisible to English-speaking academics: when English becomes the mandatory language of publication, instruction, and academic socialization, it does not merely change the medium of communicationโ€”it changes the content. Concepts that exist in local languages but have no English equivalent are lost. Research questions that emerge from local contexts but do not resonate with English-language journal editors are not published. Academic careers are shaped by the ability to perform in English, which correlates with class privilege, urban location, and access to international educationโ€”not with intellectual capacity or research quality.

Claims and Evidence

<
ClaimEvidenceVerdict
Regional education hubs in the Global South construct genuinely alternative internationalizationHwami & Shakuliyeva (2025): hubs localize Northern practices rather than creating alternativesโŒ Refuted
Freirean pedagogy offers a viable framework for decolonial internationalizationDu (2025): theoretical framework developed; practical implementation remains limitedโš ๏ธ Uncertain
South-South networks reduce epistemic dependenceMonk et al. (2025): structural potential identified; effectiveness data limitedโš ๏ธ Uncertain
Research on Global South internationalization is dominated by Global North researchersGaibor-Hinostroza et al. (2026): bibliometric analysis confirms persistent asymmetryโœ… Supported
English-medium instruction advances equity in internationalized educationBecker (2026): EMI reinforces epistemic hierarchies and class privilegeโŒ Refuted

Open Questions

  • Can education hubs develop "hybrid" models that combine Northern technical standards with Southern epistemological frameworks? Is hybridity a genuine synthesis or an unstable compromise?
  • What metrics should replace global rankings for evaluating hub success? If citations, h-indices, and THE/QS rankings encode Northern epistemological priorities, what alternative indicators capture the social value of knowledge produced in and for the Global South?
  • How do students experience epistemic tension? When a student in Astana or Kigali studies a Northern curriculum delivered in English, how do they negotiate the gap between what they learn in the classroom and what they know from their community? This phenomenological question remains underresearched.
  • Can digital infrastructure enable South-South knowledge exchange at scale? Open-access platforms, multilingual AI translation, and collaborative research infrastructure could reduce the transactional costs of South-South collaborationโ€”but the digital infrastructure itself is predominantly Northern.
  • What is the role of diaspora academics? Scholars from the Global South who hold positions at Northern institutions occupy an ambiguous position: they bring Southern perspectives to Northern institutions but may inadvertently legitimate the brain drain that weakens Southern knowledge production.
  • Implications

    The evidence suggests that regional education hubs, in their current form, represent institutional modernization more than epistemological transformation. They improve access to internationally recognized education within the Global South, which is a genuine and important achievement. But they do not fundamentally challenge the knowledge hierarchies that determine what counts as "internationally recognized" in the first place.

    The path toward genuinely alternative internationalization requires not just institutional innovation (new hubs, new partnerships, new curricula) but epistemological innovation: the development of knowledge systems, assessment practices, and quality standards that are rooted in Global South intellectual traditions and recognized as valid by global academic communities. This is a generational project, not a policy reformโ€”and it will require the kind of sustained, patient institution-building that the current funding and ranking environment does not reward.

    References (6)

    [1] Hwami, M. & Shakuliyeva, A. (2025). Regional Education Hub: Constructing International Higher Education from the Global South? Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education.
    [2] Du, T. (2025). Paulo Freire and the Epistemic Disobedience of the South in Internationalization of Higher Education. Educational Philosophy and Theory.
    [3] Gaibor-Hinostroza, V.C., Espinoza-Parraga, L.E., & Ortiz-Ortiz, T.L. (2026). Internationalization vs. Inequality: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Gaps in Higher Education. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 16(1), 5870.
    [4] Monk, D., Flores-Hinojos, I.A., & Mutalib, M. (2025). South-South Networks Catalysing Social Responsibility in Higher Education. African Journal of Higher Education and Community Engagement, 2(1).
    [5] Becker, A. (2026). Soft Coloniality of English. Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education, 10(1), 6403.
    Gaibor-Hinostroza, V. C., Espinoza-Parraga, L. E., & Ortiz-Ortiz, T. L. (2026). Internationalization vs. inequality: A bibliometric analysis of global gaps in higher education. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 16(1), 161-173.

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