Trend AnalysisChemistry & Materials
PEM Fuel Cells and Electrolysers: The Hydrogen Economy's Core Technology
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology underpins both sides of the hydrogen economy: electrolysers split water into hydrogen using renewable electricity, and fuel cells recombine hydrogen with oxyg...
By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.
The Question
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology underpins both sides of the hydrogen economy: electrolysers split water into hydrogen using renewable electricity, and fuel cells recombine hydrogen with oxygen to generate electricity. The two devices share core components โ proton-conducting membranes, catalyst layers, gas diffusion layers โ yet face different operating conditions and degradation mechanisms. With global electrolyser capacity projected to reach 170 GW by 2030 and fuel cell vehicle deployments accelerating, can PEM technology achieve the cost and durability targets needed for mass adoption?
Landscape
T. Zhang et al. (2024) in Advanced Science, systematically compared gas diffusion layers (GDLs) in PEM fuel cells and electrolysers. Despite shared architecture, the materials and design requirements differ fundamentally: fuel cell GDLs must manage liquid water removal (flooding prevention), while electrolyser GDLs must facilitate liquid water distribution to catalyst sites. Their review highlighted that cross-fertilisation between fuel cell and electrolyser GDL research has been limited, missing optimisation opportunities.
Guan et al. (2025) addressed hydrogen permeation โ the unwanted crossover of hydrogen through the membrane from one side to the other. In electrolysers, hydrogen permeation from cathode to anode creates explosive Hโ/Oโ mixtures; in fuel cells, it represents fuel waste. Their review catalogued strategies: thicker membranes (trade-off: higher resistance), recombination catalyst layers, and composite membranes with reduced gas permeability.
Zhai et al. (2025) introduced nanofiber-based PEMs that achieve higher proton conductivity and lower hydrogen crossover than conventional Nafion membranes, by creating an aligned nanofiber network that provides continuous proton transport channels while maintaining gas barrier properties.
Yao et al. (2025) reviewed a neglected aspect: degradation of auxiliary components (compressors, humidifiers, coolant systems) in automotive fuel cell systems. While catalyst and membrane degradation receive extensive attention, balance-of-plant failures account for a significant fraction of real-world system downtime.
Key Claims & Evidence
<
| Claim | Evidence | Verdict |
|---|
| Fuel cell and electrolyser GDLs have different design requirements | Systematic comparison of water management needs (T. Zhang et al. 2024) | Confirmed; cross-field research opportunities identified |
| Hydrogen permeation is a safety and efficiency concern | Multiple strategies required to maintain safe crossover levels (Guan et al. 2025) | Well-established; composite membranes showing promise |
| Nanofiber PEMs outperform Nafion on key metrics | Higher conductivity and lower crossover demonstrated (Zhai et al. 2025) | Supported in laboratory testing; long-term durability data needed |
| Auxiliary component degradation limits system lifetime | Balance-of-plant failures significant in automotive applications (Yao et al. 2025) | Confirmed; underappreciated failure mode |
Open Questions
Iridium scarcity: PEM electrolyser anodes use iridium โ one of the rarest elements on Earth. Can iridium loading be reduced below 0.1 mg/cmยฒ without compromising performance?
Membrane lifetime: Fuel cells target 30,000 hours; electrolysers target 80,000 hours. Can any PEM achieve 80,000 hours of continuous operation?
Cost target: DOE Hydrogen Shot targets $1/kg green hydrogen by 2030 (the "1-1-1" target: $1/kg in 1 decade). Can PEM electrolyser capital cost reduction and efficiency improvement achieve this?
Anion exchange membranes: AEM electrolysers use non-PGM catalysts but have lower durability. Can AEMs reach PEM reliability?Referenced Papers
- [1] Zhang, T. et al. (2024). Similarities and Differences between GDLs in PEM Fuel Cell and Water Electrolysis. Adv. Sci., 11, 2309440. DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309440
- [2] Guan, P. et al. (2025). Strategies for Lowering Hydrogen Permeation in PEM Membranes. Adv. Mater. DOI: 10.1002/adma.202508400
- [3] Zhai, H. et al. (2025). Nanofiber membranes for enhanced PEM fuel cell performance. Science Advances. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adw5747
- [4] Yao, J. et al. (2025). Durability of auxiliary components in automotive PEM fuel cell systems. Int. J. Green Energy. DOI: 10.1080/15435075.2025.2524755
- [5] Bhosale, T. et al. (2025). Non-PGM Anode Catalyst on HT-PEM Fuel Cell Stack. Adv. Energy Mater. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202505653
๋ฉด์ฑ
์กฐํญ: ์ด ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ์ ์ ๋ณด ์ ๊ณต ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ํฅ ๊ฐ์์ด๋ค. ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ธ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํต๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ํตํด ๋ฐ๋์ ํ์ธํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
PEM ์ฐ๋ฃ์ ์ง์ ์ ํด์กฐ: ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ํต์ฌ ๊ธฐ์
๋ถ์ผ: ํํ | ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก : ์คํ์
์ ์: Sean K.S. Shin | ๋ ์ง: 2026-03-17
์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ง๋ฌธ
์์ฑ์ ๊ตํ๋ง(PEM) ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค: ์ ํด์กฐ๋ ์ฌ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ฌผ์ ์์๋ก ๋ถํดํ๊ณ , ์ฐ๋ฃ์ ์ง๋ ์์์ ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ๊ฒฐํฉํ์ฌ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฐํ๋ค. ๋ ์ฅ์น๋ ์์ฑ์ ์ ๋๋ง, ์ด๋งค์ธต, ๊ธฐ์ฒด ํ์ฐ์ธต ๋ฑ ํต์ฌ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ์ง๋ง, ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ดํ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ์ง๋ฉดํ๋ค. ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ ํด์กฐ ์ฉ๋์ด 2030๋
๊น์ง 170 GW์ ๋ฌํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์๋๊ณ ์ฐ๋ฃ์ ์ง ์ฐจ๋ ๋ณด๊ธ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ๋๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ, PEM ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋์คํ์ ํ์ํ ๋น์ฉ ๋ฐ ๋ด๊ตฌ์ฑ ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ?
์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ํฅ
Advanced Science์ ๋ฐํ๋ T. Zhang et al. (2024)์ PEM ์ฐ๋ฃ์ ์ง์ ์ ํด์กฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ํ์ฐ์ธต(GDL)์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋น๊ตํ์๋ค. ๋์ผํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํจ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ์ค๊ณ ์๊ตฌ์ฌํญ์ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค: ์ฐ๋ฃ์ ์ง GDL์ ์ก์ฒด ์๋ถ ์ ๊ฑฐ(์นจ์ ๋ฐฉ์ง)๋ฅผ ๊ด๋ฆฌํด์ผ ํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์ ํด์กฐ GDL์ ์ด๋งค ๋ถ์๋ก์ ์ก์ฒด ์๋ถ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์งํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ ์ฐ๋ฃ์ ์ง์ ์ ํด์กฐ GDL ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์ ์ํธ ๊ต๋ฅ๊ฐ ์ ํ์ ์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ต์ ํ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๋์น๊ณ ์์์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ์๋ค.
Guan et al. (2025)์ ์์ ํฌ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ , ์ฆ ๋ง์ ํตํด ํ์ชฝ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์์๊ฐ ์์น ์๊ฒ ์ด๋ํ๋ ํ์์ ๋ค๋ฃจ์๋ค. ์ ํด์กฐ์์๋ ์๊ทน์์ ์๊ทน์ผ๋ก์ ์์ ํฌ๊ณผ๊ฐ ํญ๋ฐ์ฑ Hโ/Oโ ํผํฉ๋ฌผ์ ์์ฑํ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐ๋ฃ์ ์ง์์๋ ์ฐ๋ฃ ์์ค์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ ๋ค์ํ ๋์ ์ ๋ต์ ๋ชฉ๋กํํ์๋ค: ๋๊บผ์ด ๋ง(ํธ๋ ์ด๋์คํ: ๋์ ์ ํญ), ์ฌ๊ฒฐํฉ ์ด๋งค์ธต, ๊ธฐ์ฒด ํฌ๊ณผ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์ถ ๋ณตํฉ๋ง.
Zhai et al. (2025)์ ๋๋
ธ์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ PEM์ ์๊ฐํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ฐจ๋จ ํน์ฑ์ ์ ์งํ๋ฉด์ ์ง์์ ์ธ ์์ฑ์ ์ ๋ฌ ์ฑ๋์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์ ๋ ฌ๋ ๋๋
ธ์ฌ์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ธฐ์กด Nafion ๋ง๋ณด๋ค ๋์ ์์ฑ์ ์ ๋๋์ ๋ฎ์ ์์ ํฌ๋ก์ค์ค๋ฒ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋ค.
Yao et al. (2025)์ ๊ทธ๋์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ์ธก๋ฉด์ธ ์๋์ฐจ์ฉ ์ฐ๋ฃ์ ์ง ์์คํ
์์ ๋ณด์กฐ ๋ถํ(์์ถ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ์ต๊ธฐ, ๋๊ฐ ์์คํ
)์ ์ดํ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋งค์ ๋ง์ ์ดํ๋ ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์ฃผ๋ณ ์ฅ์น(balance-of-plant) ๊ณ ์ฅ์ ์ค์ ์์คํ
๊ฐ๋ ์ค๋จ ์๊ฐ์ ์๋น ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค.
์ฃผ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ
<
| ์ฃผ์ฅ | ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ | ํ์ |
|---|
| ์ฐ๋ฃ์ ์ง์ ์ ํด์กฐ GDL์ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ค๊ณ ์๊ตฌ์ฌํญ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค | ์๋ถ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์๊ตฌ์ฌํญ์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋น๊ต (T. Zhang et al. 2024) | ํ์ธ๋จ; ๋ถ์ผ ๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐํ ์๋ณ |
| ์์ ํฌ๊ณผ๋ ์์ ๋ฐ ํจ์จ ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ค | ์์ ํ ํฌ๋ก์ค์ค๋ฒ ์์ค ์ ์ง๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ค์ํ ์ ๋ต ํ์ (Guan et al. 2025) | ํ๋ฆฝ๋ ์ฌ์ค; ๋ณตํฉ๋ง์ด ์ ๋ง์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ |
| ๋๋
ธ์ฌ์ PEM์ ์ฃผ์ ์งํ์์ Nafion์ ๋ฅ๊ฐํ๋ค | ๋์ ์ ๋๋ ๋ฐ ๋ฎ์ ํฌ๋ก์ค์ค๋ฒ ์ค์ฆ (Zhai et al. 2025) | ์คํ์ค ํ
์คํธ์์ ์ง์ง๋จ; ์ฅ๊ธฐ ๋ด๊ตฌ์ฑ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํ์ |
| ๋ณด์กฐ ๋ถํ ์ดํ๊ฐ ์์คํ
์๋ช
์ ์ ํํ๋ค | ์๋์ฐจ ์์ฉ์์ ์ฃผ๋ณ ์ฅ์น ๊ณ ์ฅ์ด ์๋นํ ๋ฐ์ (Yao et al. 2025) | ํ์ธ๋จ; ๊ณผ์ํ๊ฐ๋ ๊ณ ์ฅ ์ ํ |
๋ฏธํด๊ฒฐ ์ง๋ฌธ
์ด๋ฆฌ๋ ํฌ์์ฑ: PEM ์ ํด์กฐ ์๊ทน์ ์ง๊ตฌ์์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฌ๊ทํ ์์ ์ค ํ๋์ธ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ์ฑ๋ฅ ์ ํ ์์ด ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ก๋ฉ์ 0.1 mg/cmยฒ ๋ฏธ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ค์ผ ์ ์๋๊ฐ?
๋ง ์๋ช
: ์ฐ๋ฃ์ ์ง๋ 30,000์๊ฐ, ์ ํด์กฐ๋ 80,000์๊ฐ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ค PEM์ด๋ 80,000์๊ฐ์ ์ฐ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ?
๋น์ฉ ๋ชฉํ: DOE Hydrogen Shot์ 2030๋
๊น์ง ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์์ $1/kg ๋ฌ์ฑ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ค ("1-1-1" ๋ชฉํ: 1decade ๋ด $1/kg). PEM ์ ํด์กฐ์ ์๋ณธ ๋น์ฉ ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ํจ์จ ํฅ์์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ?
์์ด์จ ๊ตํ ๋ง: AEM ์ ํด์กฐ๋ non-PGM ์ด๋งค๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ง๋ง ๋ด๊ตฌ์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ๋ค. AEM์ด PEM ์์ค์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๋๋ฌํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ?References (5)
Zhang, T., Meng, L., Chen, C., Du, L., Wang, N., Xing, L., et al. (2024). Similarities and Differences between Gas Diffusion Layers Used in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell and Water Electrolysis for Material and Mass Transport. Advanced Science, 11(32).
Guan, P., Jiang, M., Li, W., Zhang, W., Zhang, L., Long, K., et al. (2026). Strategies for Lowering Hydrogen Permeation in Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers and Fuel Cells. Advanced Materials, 38(4).
Zhai, H., Chen, J., Meng, C., Yang, X., Zhou, Z., Ai, L., et al. (2025). Nanofiber membranes for enhanced performance and optimization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Science Advances, 11(38).
Yao, J., Wang, B., Zhang, F., Qin, Z., Yin, Y., Guo, T., et al. (2025). Durability and degradation of auxiliary components in automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cell system: A review. International Journal of Green Energy, 22(15), 3584-3605.
Bhosale, T. S., Nisly, N., Molter, T., Rubio, S. J. B., Tasnim, H., Salamanca, S. T., et al. (2026). Electrochemical Hydrogen Separation and Recovery by NonโPlatinum Group Metal Anode Catalyst (ฮฑโMoO
3
) on HighโTemperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack. Advanced Energy Materials, 16(6).