Trend AnalysisMedicine & Health
Liquid Biopsy: Detecting Cancer from a Blood Draw
Tissue biopsies are invasive, expensive, and capture only a snapshot of a single tumor site. **Liquid biopsies** analyze circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) shed by tumors into the bloodstream, enabling can...
By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.
Why It Matters
Tissue biopsies are invasive, expensive, and capture only a snapshot of a single tumor site. Liquid biopsies analyze circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) shed by tumors into the bloodstream, enabling cancer detection, treatment monitoring, and recurrence surveillance from a simple blood draw. The 2024โ2025 field is moving from proof-of-concept to clinical standard-of-care.
The Science
What Is ctDNA?
Tumor cells continuously shed fragments of their DNA into the blood through apoptosis, necrosis, and active secretion. This ctDNA:
- Carries the same mutations, methylation patterns, and structural variants as the tumor
- Generally reported to constitute approximately 0.01โ10% of total cell-free DNA in cancer patients
- Has a reported half-life of approximately 2 hoursโproviding near-real-time tumor status
Three Clinical Applications
1. Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) Detection
After surgery with curative intent, ctDNA detects microscopic residual cancer invisible to imaging:
- A 2024 study showed ctDNA detection after early-stage lung cancer surgery can risk-stratify patients for recurrence after curative-intent therapy
- Ultrasensitive assays now detect ctDNA at variant allele frequencies below 0.01%
- Clinical impact: Guides decisions on adjuvant chemotherapyโtreat only patients with detectable MRD
2. Early Cancer Detection (Multi-Cancer Screening)
Blood-based multi-cancer early detection (MCED) tests analyze methylation patterns across hundreds of genomic regions:
- Tissue-free epigenomic assays (2025) eliminate the need for prior tumor tissue sequencing
- FDA breakthrough designations for several MCED tests
- Challenge: sensitivity for early-stage cancers (I/II) remains limited, with estimates typically ranging from 25โ50% depending on cancer type and assay
3. Treatment Response Monitoring
Serial ctDNA measurements during therapy track molecular response in real-time:
- ctDNA clearance during chemotherapy predicts long-term outcomes
- Rising ctDNA levels signal resistance before radiographic progression
- Enables rapid therapy switching based on molecular rather than imaging criteria
Technology Comparison
<
| Approach | Sensitivity | Specificity | Tumor Types | Cost |
|---|
| Tumor-informed MRD | >95% | >99% | Patient-specific | $3,000โ5,000 |
| Tumor-naรฏve MRD | 70โ85% | >95% | Pan-cancer | $1,000โ3,000 |
| Methylation MCED | 25โ80% (stage-dependent) | >99% | Multi-cancer | $1,000โ2,000 |
| Imaging (CT/PET) | Variable | Variable | Anatomical | $500โ3,000 |
Remaining Challenges
- Early-stage sensitivity: Most cancers at stage I shed vanishingly little ctDNA
- False positives: Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) creates confounding mutations in healthy individuals
- Standardization: No consensus on sample collection, processing, and analysis protocols
- Cost and access: Not yet covered by most insurance for screening applications
- Overdiagnosis risk: Detecting cancers that would never cause clinical harm
What To Watch
The integration of multi-analyte liquid biopsies (ctDNA + proteins + methylation + fragmentomics) will improve early-stage sensitivity. MRD-guided adjuvant therapy trials (DYNAMIC, CIRCULATE) are reporting results that could change treatment guidelines for colorectal and lung cancers in 2026. Expect liquid biopsy MRD testing to become standard post-surgical oncology care within 2โ3 years.
๋ฉด์ฑ
์กฐํญ: ์ด ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ์ ์ ๋ณด ์ ๊ณต ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ํฅ ๊ฐ์์ด๋ค. ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ธ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํต๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ํตํด ๋ฐ๋์ ํ์ธํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ค์์ฑ
์กฐ์ง ์๊ฒ์ ์นจ์ต์ ์ด๊ณ ๋น์ฉ์ด ๋ง์ด ๋ค๋ฉฐ, ๋จ์ผ ์ข
์ ๋ถ์์ ๋จ๋ฉด๋ง์ ํฌ์ฐฉํ๋ค. ์ก์ฒด ์๊ฒ(liquid biopsy)์ ์ข
์์ด ํ๋ฅ๋ก ๋ฐฉ์ถํ๋ ์ํ ์ข
์ DNA(ctDNA)๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ, ๊ฐ๋จํ ์ฑํ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ฒ์ถ, ์น๋ฃ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. 2024โ2025๋
ํ์ฌ ์ด ๋ถ์ผ๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ฆ๋ช
๋จ๊ณ์์ ์์ ํ์ค ์น๋ฃ๋ก ์ ํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ณผํ์ ์๋ฆฌ
ctDNA๋ ๋ฌด์์ธ๊ฐ?
์ข
์ ์ธํฌ๋ ์ธํฌ ์๋ฉธ์ฌ(apoptosis), ๊ดด์ฌ(necrosis), ๋ฅ๋์ ๋ถ๋น๋ฅผ ํตํด DNA ๋จํธ์ ํ์ก ๋ด๋ก ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฉ์ถํ๋ค. ์ด ctDNA๋:
- ์ข
์๊ณผ ๋์ผํ ๋์ฐ๋ณ์ด, ๋ฉํธํ ํจํด, ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ณ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ ํ๋ค
- ์ ํ์์ ์ ์ฒด ๋ฌด์ธํฌ DNA(cell-free DNA) ์ค ์ฝ 0.01โ10%๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ๋๋ค
- ์ฝ 2์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์ด ์์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ์ค์๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ข
์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ ์ ์๋ค
์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์์ ์ ์ฉ
1. ๋ฏธ์ธ ์์กด ์งํ(MRD) ๊ฒ์ถ
๊ทผ์น์ ์์ ํ, ctDNA๋ ์์์ผ๋ก๋ ํ์ธํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฏธ์ธ ์์กด์์ ๊ฒ์ถํ๋ค:
- 2024๋
์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ด๊ธฐ ํ์ ์์ ํ ctDNA ๊ฒ์ถ์ด ๊ทผ์น์ ์น๋ฃ ํ ์ฌ๋ฐ์ ๋ํ ํ์ ์ํ ์ธตํ์ ํ์ฉ๋ ์ ์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค
- ์ด๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ ๋ถ์๋ฒ(ultrasensitive assay)์ ํ์ฌ ๋ณ์ด ๋๋ฆฝ์ ์ ์ ๋น๋(variant allele frequency) 0.01% ๋ฏธ๋ง์์๋ ctDNA๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ถํ๋ค
- ์์์ ์์: ๋ณด์กฐ ํํ์๋ฒ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ํ์ฉโMRD๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ถ๋ ํ์์๊ฒ๋ง ์น๋ฃ ์ํ
2. ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ ๊ฒ์ถ (๋ค์ค ์ ์ ๋ณ ๊ฒ์ฌ)
ํ์ก ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๋ค์ค ์ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฒ์ถ(MCED) ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ ์๋ฐฑ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ์ฒด ์์ญ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฉํธํ ํจํด์ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค:
- ์กฐ์ง ๋ถํ์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ ์ฒด ๋ถ์๋ฒ(tissue-free epigenomic assay, 2025)์ ์ฌ์ ์ข
์ ์กฐ์ง ์ผ๊ธฐ์์ด ๋ถ์์ ํ์์ฑ์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ค
- ์ฌ๋ฌ MCED ๊ฒ์ฌ์ ๋ํ FDA ํ์ ์๋ฃ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ(breakthrough) ์ง์
- ๊ณผ์ : ์ด๊ธฐ ์(I/II๊ธฐ)์ ๋ํ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก, ์ ์ ํ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก 25โ50% ๋ฒ์๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค
3. ์น๋ฃ ๋ฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง
์น๋ฃ ์ค ์ฐ์์ ์ธ ctDNA ์ธก์ ์ ํตํด ์ค์๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ค:
- ํํ์๋ฒ ์ค ctDNA ์์ค์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์์ธกํ๋ค
- ctDNA ์์น ์์น์ ์์ํ์ ์งํ๋ณด๋ค ์์ ๋ด์ฑ์ ์๋ฆฐ๋ค
- ์์์ด ์๋ ๋ถ์์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ํ ์น๋ฃ ์ ํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค
๊ธฐ์ ๋น๊ต
<
| ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ | ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋ | ํน์ด๋ | ์ข
์ ์ ํ | ๋น์ฉ |
|---|
| ์ข
์ ์ ๋ณด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ MRD | >95% | >99% | ํ์ ํน์ด์ | $3,000โ5,000 |
| ์ข
์ ์ ๋ณด ๋น์์กด MRD | 70โ85% | >95% | ๋ฒ์์ข
(pan-cancer) | $1,000โ3,000 |
| ๋ฉํธํ MCED | 25โ80% (๋ณ๊ธฐ ์์กด์ ) | >99% | ๋ค์ค ์์ข
| $1,000โ2,000 |
| ์์ ๊ฒ์ฌ (CT/PET) | ๊ฐ๋ณ์ | ๊ฐ๋ณ์ | ํด๋ถํ์ | $500โ3,000 |
๋จ์ ๊ณผ์
- ์ด๊ธฐ ๋ณ๊ธฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋: ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ I๊ธฐ ์์ ๊ทนํ ์๋์ ctDNA๋ง์ ๋ฐฉ์ถํ๋ค
- ์์์ฑ: ๋ถํ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ํด๋ก ์กฐํ์ฆ(CHIP)์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐํ ๊ฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ํผ๋์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ ๋์ฐ๋ณ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ธ๋ค
- ํ์คํ: ๊ฒ์ฒด ์์ง, ์ฒ๋ฆฌ, ๋ถ์ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ ๋ํ ํฉ์๊ฐ ์๋ค
- ๋น์ฉ ๋ฐ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ: ์ ๋ณ ๊ฒ์ฌ ์ ์ฉ์ ๋ํด ์์ง ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ณดํ์ด ์ ์ฉ๋์ง ์๋๋ค
- ๊ณผ์ ์ง๋จ ์ํ: ์์์ ํด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ์ง ์์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ถํ ์ํ์ฑ
์ฃผ๋ชฉํ ์ฌํญ
๋ค์ค ๋ถ์๋ฌผ ์ก์ฒด ์๊ฒ(ctDNA + ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง + ๋ฉํธํ + ๋จํธ์ฒดํ(fragmentomics))์ ํตํฉ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋ณ๊ธฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ํฅ์์ํฌ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. MRD ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๋ณด์กฐ ์น๋ฃ ์์์ํ(DYNAMIC, CIRCULATE)์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ 2026๋
๋์ฅ์ ๋ฐ ํ์์ ์น๋ฃ ์ง์นจ์ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ก์ฒด ์๊ฒ MRD ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ 2โ3๋
๋ด์ ์์ ํ ํ์ค ์ข
์ํ์ ์น๋ฃ๋ก ์๋ฆฌ์ก์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์๋๋ค.
References (3)
Parums, D. V. (2025). A Review of Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) and the Liquid Biopsy in Cancer Diagnosis, Screening, and Monitoring Treatment Response. Medical Science Monitor, 31.
Tan, A. C., Lai, G. G. Y., Saw, S. P. L., Chua, K. L. M., Takano, A., Ong, B., et al. (2024). Detection of circulating tumor DNA with ultradeep sequencing of plasma cellโfree DNA for monitoring minimal residual disease and early detection of recurrence in earlyโstage lung cancer. Cancer, 130(10), 1758-1765.
Liu, Q., Li, X., Jin, T., Huo, S., Su, S., & Liu, N. (2025). Liquid Biopsy in CRC Management: Early Detection, Minimal Residual Disease, and Therapy OptimizationโClinical Evidence and Challenges. Diagnostic Cytopathology, 53(11), 580-591.