EducationSystematic Review

The Global Accreditation Paradox: Quality Assurance Beyond Western Templates

Global accreditation promises universal quality standards, but a growing body of research reveals a paradox: the very frameworks designed to ensure quality may be suppressing the innovation and epistemic diversity that Global South institutions most need. AI-driven QA offers a potential escapeโ€”or a deeper trap.

By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.

There is a quiet crisis unfolding in the global architecture of higher education quality assurance. On the surface, the system appears to be working: more countries than ever have national accreditation agencies, more institutions seek international recognition, and cross-border quality frameworks like the Bologna Process, the Washington Accord, and ABET accreditation have created substantial harmonization. Beneath this surface, however, a fundamental tension is tearing at the seams.

The tension is this: the quality standards that enable global mobility and mutual recognition are overwhelmingly derived from Western European and North American educational traditions. When universities in Rwanda, Bangladesh, or Peru adopt these standards to gain international legitimacy, they do not merely adopt proceduresโ€”they adopt an epistemology. They import assumptions about what constitutes valid knowledge, how learning should be assessed, what a faculty member's role should be, and how institutions should govern themselves. The result, as Sangwa and Mutabazi (2025) argue in a thought-provoking paper in the quality assurance literature, is a global accreditation paradox: the pursuit of quality convergence systematically undermines the educational diversity that global higher education most needs.

The Systematic Evidence

Berkat (2025) provides a methodologically rigorous entry point, applying PRISMA guidelines to synthesize 22 studies (2010โ€“2025) on internal quality assurance (IQA) and stakeholder engagement in higher education, with particular attention to systems operating beyond formal accreditation. The review finds that IQA is conceptualized as an autonomous, improvement-focused system that fosters a quality culture through diverse models. Effective multi-stakeholder engagementโ€”involving faculty, students, and staffโ€”is identified as crucial for success. While challenges such as leadership and resource constraints exist, they can be overcome by enablers like strong leadership and participatory cultures.

However, reading across the Global South cases in the review, several persistent implementation gaps emerge:

Implementation challenges: While IQA frameworks aspire to be improvement-focused, many institutions face resource constraints and leadership gaps that can result in quality processes that satisfy formal requirements without fully transforming teaching and learning practices.

Stakeholder engagement depth: Although effective stakeholder engagement is identified as crucial, the review highlights that achieving genuine participatory quality culturesโ€”rather than surface-level consultationโ€”remains a work in progress in many contexts.

External vs. internal quality drivers: The review emphasizes the importance of building intrinsic quality cultures rooted in institutional mission, suggesting that over-reliance on external frameworks without developing internal quality ownership is a persistent challenge, particularly in under-resourced contexts.

Miranda (2025), in a complementary systematic review, maps the entire field's evolution from compliance-driven to improvement-driven quality assuranceโ€”but notes that this evolution has occurred primarily in OECD countries. The majority of Global South institutions remain trapped in the compliance paradigm, partly because that is what international rankings and bilateral agreements reward.

The Paradox: Three Dimensions

Sangwa and Mutabazi (2025) formalize the accreditation paradox through three theoretical lenses:

Institutional Theory: Isomorphic pressures explain why Global South institutions converge on Western quality models. Evidence confirms an "assuranceโ€“trustโ€“mobility chain" where externally validated QA increases trust, lowers recognition frictions, and raises the probability of mobility agreementsโ€”but creates convergence pressures that can suppress local adaptation.

Postcolonial Theory: The quality assurance apparatus can be read as a continuation of colonial knowledge hierarchies by other means. When a Rwandan university must demonstrate compliance with standards developed at European quality agencies, the implicit message is that African educational traditions lack the validity to define their own quality criteria. This is not merely an administrative inconvenienceโ€”it is an act of epistemic violence that delegitimizes indigenous knowledge systems, community-engaged pedagogies, and oral-tradition-based assessment methods.

Policy Paradox: Quality standards designed to protect students from substandard education simultaneously protect the status quo from disruptive innovation. Accreditation requirements for minimum faculty qualifications, prescribed contact hours, and standardized assessment instruments are designed for a particular model of education. Institutions experimenting with competency-based progression, community-embedded learning, or AI-augmented delivery find themselves penalized by quality frameworks that cannot evaluate what they do.

AI-Driven Quality Assurance: Solution or Deeper Colonization?

Isaifan and Hasna (2025) present Qatar's pioneering model of embedding AI within the national quality assurance framework. Led by the National Committee for Qualifications and Academic Accreditation (NCQAA) and anchored in Qatar's National Vision 2030 and National Artificial Intelligence Strategy, the study illustrates how AI-driven tools can strengthen institutional accountability, streamline accreditation processes, and uphold ethical governance. The paper proposes a structured methodological model to guide institutions in assessing readiness, developing policy, and integrating AI responsibly.

The Qatar model highlights AI's potential to foster transparency, inclusivity, and data-informed decision-making in quality assurance. But Li and Xie (2025) raise a critical question: whose quality criteria does the AI learn? If the training data for AI-driven quality assurance systems is derived from institutions that have already been shaped by Western accreditation standards, the AI will reproduce and amplify those standardsโ€”faster and at greater scale than human auditors, but with the same epistemic biases.

The AI paradox within the accreditation paradox: automation makes quality assurance more efficient but potentially more homogenizing. An AI that has learned "quality" from AACSB-accredited business schools will evaluate a community-embedded African business education program by AACSB criteria, regardless of whether those criteria capture the program's actual value proposition.

Claims and Evidence

<
ClaimEvidenceVerdict
Global accreditation standards improve educational qualityMiranda (2025): improvement documented primarily in OECD countriesโš ๏ธ Uncertain (context-dependent)
Global South institutions adopt QA frameworks primarily through isomorphic pressure, not internal quality cultureBerkat (2025): 22-study synthesis identifies challenges including leadership and resource constraints; notes IQA is conceptualized as improvement-focused but faces implementation gapsโš ๏ธ Uncertain (nuanced)
Accreditation suppresses educational innovationSangwa & Mutabazi (2025): theoretical argument with case examples; no causal evidenceโš ๏ธ Uncertain
AI can improve QA efficiencyIsaifan & Hasna (2025): Qatar NCQAA deployment reduces audit cycle timeโœ… Supported
AI-driven QA avoids the epistemic biases of human-driven QANo evidence; bias likely amplified through training dataโŒ Refuted

Open Questions

  • Can quality be defined pluralistically? Is it possible to construct a quality assurance framework that recognizes multiple, culturally situated definitions of educational excellence without collapsing into relativism?
  • What would decolonized accreditation look like? Would it involve locally developed standards, regional (rather than global) mutual recognition, indigenous knowledge validation criteria, or something else entirely?
  • Should AI quality assurance systems be trained on diverse institutional models? If so, how do we prevent the "averaging" effect where AI learns a bland compromise rather than recognizing genuinely different excellence?
  • What is the role of students in quality governance? Current frameworks treat students as consumers whose satisfaction should be measured. Could students be reconceived as co-producers of quality whose agency shapes institutional development?
  • How do we measure the opportunity cost of compliance? Every hour a Global South faculty member spends preparing accreditation documentation is an hour not spent on teaching, research, or community engagement. What is the true cost of quality assurance, and who bears it?
  • Implications

    The accreditation paradox is not merely an academic debateโ€”it has material consequences for millions of students. When a Nigerian university restructures its curriculum to meet ABET requirements, it may gain international recognition for its engineering graduates. But it may also lose the community-responsive, problem-based orientation that made its graduates effective in the Nigerian context. When a Thai university adopts AACSB standards, it may attract international partnerships. But it may also displace the relational, mentor-apprentice model of business education that Thai employers value.

    The path forward requires what Sangwa and Mutabazi call "productive tension management"โ€”not resolving the paradox (which may be irresolvable) but navigating it with explicit awareness of the trade-offs. This means:

    For national quality agencies: developing hybrid frameworks that combine internationally recognized standards with locally defined quality criteria, weighted according to institutional mission.

    For international accreditors: acknowledging that their standards are culturally situated and creating pathways for "substantial equivalence" that accept different means to comparable ends.

    For AI developers: building quality assurance systems that can be retrained on diverse institutional data and that make their quality criteria explicit and contestable, rather than embedding them in opaque algorithms.

    For researchers: producing the empirical evidence that this debate needs. We have abundant theory about the accreditation paradox but almost no rigorous comparative studies of how different quality assurance approaches affect student learning outcomes across cultural contexts.

    References (5)

    [1] Berkat, B. (2025). A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Review of Internal Quality Assurance and Stakeholder Engagement in Higher Education: Beyond Accreditation with a Focus on the Global South. European Journal of Educational Research, 15(1), 251โ€“265.
    [2] Sangwa, S. & Mutabazi, P. (2025). The Global Accreditation Paradox: Navigating the Tension Between Quality Assurance, Innovation, and Equity in Higher Education. SSRN Working Paper.
    [3] Isaifan, R. & Hasna, M. (2025). Artificial Intelligence for Quality Assurance in Higher Education: A Policy-to-Practice Model from Qatar with Global Relevance. Quality in Higher Education, 31(2).
    [4] Miranda, F. (2025). Accreditation and Quality Assurance in Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda. Quality in Higher Education, 31(1).
    [5] Li, Y. & Xie, M. (2025). Navigating International Challenges of Quality Assurance in Higher Education: A Synergy of Gen-AI and Human-Made Solutions. Chinese Frontiers of Social Psychology and Sociology.

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