Trend AnalysisEducationSystematic Review
Digital Transformation in Higher Education: Why Technology Succeeds Only When Leadership Does
Universities have invested billions in digital infrastructure. Many have not invested comparably in the leadership, change management, and organizational culture that determine whether technology transforms education or merely digitizes its problems. Four papers reveal that digital transformation is an institutional challenge, not a technical one.
By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.
The COVID-19 pandemic forced universities to digitalize overnightβadopting learning management systems, video conferencing, online assessment, and digital collaboration tools in weeks rather than the years that institutional planning processes typically require. Five years later, the emergency digitalization has matured into strategic digital transformation: deliberate, institution-wide efforts to integrate technology into teaching, research, administration, and governance.
But the evidence consistently shows that digital transformation succeeds or fails based on institutional factorsβleadership vision, organizational readiness, change management capacity, and faculty engagementβrather than on the technology itself. A university with strong leadership and modest technology will outperform a university with advanced technology and weak leadership.
Organizational Readiness
Veseli, Hasanaj, and Bajraktari (2025) examine organizational change readiness for sustainable digital transformation through LMS implementation. The adoption of LMS in higher education offers transformative potential to enhance educational quality and operational efficiency while promoting sustainable digital transformation. However, resistance to LMS implementation often stems from inadequate change management.
The study identifies several readiness factors: institutional leadership commitment (visible support from senior administration), change management processes (structured approaches to managing resistance and building capacity), faculty engagement (involving teaching staff in technology selection and implementation design), and infrastructure reliability (ensuring that the technical platform works consistently before expecting adoption).
Cambodia: A Developing Country Perspective
Flores (2024) examines digital transformation in Cambodian higher education. The study investigates the implementation, challenges, and effects of DT initiatives using surveys distributed to management, academic, and administrative staff.
The Cambodian case illustrates challenges common to developing-country higher education: limited digital infrastructure, faculty with varying levels of digital literacy, institutional cultures that resist change, and resource constraints that force institutions to choose between technology investment and other priorities (faculty salaries, physical infrastructure, student support).
The study reveals that digital transformation in resource-constrained contexts requires prioritization: institutions cannot digitalize everything simultaneously and must identify the high-impact, low-cost interventions that produce visible benefits quickly enough to build institutional momentum for further change.
Ethical Leadership
Thed Tin and Yong (2025) argue that AI is reshaping higher education at both structural and pedagogical levels. While institutions adopt digital tools to enhance efficiency and innovation, many fail to account for the ethical, cultural, and human consequences of AI integration. The paper argues that ethical leadership is essential for navigating digital transformation responsibly.
The ethical leadership dimension addresses a gap in most digital transformation frameworks: they focus on efficiency and effectiveness but not on the values that should guide technology adoption. Ethical leadership asks: whose interests does this technology serve? Who bears the costs? What happens to the faculty, staff, and students who cannot adapt? And what educational values are preserved or eroded by the transformation?
Critical Success Factors
Imbar (2025) reviews critical success factors for digital transformation in higher education institution management. Digital transformation represents a strategic evolution that incorporates innovative technologies to bring about significant changes. The growing demand for HEIs to adapt to contemporary models while maintaining relevance has accelerated the need for systematic approaches.
The review identifies several success factors that recur across contexts: top management support (without which initiatives lack resources and authority), a clear digital strategy (aligned with institutional mission, not merely adopting technology for its own sake), stakeholder engagement (involving faculty, students, and staff in planning), data-driven decision-making (using analytics to guide rather than justify technology adoption), and continuous improvement (treating DT as an ongoing process rather than a project with an endpoint).
Claims and Evidence
<
| Claim | Evidence | Verdict |
|---|
| Organizational readiness determines DT success more than technology | Veseli et al. (2025): resistance stems from inadequate change management, not technology limitations | β
Supported |
| Digital transformation in developing countries follows the same path as in developed countries | Flores (2024): resource constraints and institutional cultures create distinct challenges | β Refuted |
| Ethical leadership is necessary for responsible DT | Thed Tin & Yong (2025): efficiency-focused DT may neglect ethical, cultural, and human consequences | β
Supported |
| Digital transformation is a project with a defined endpoint | Imbar (2025): DT is a continuous process, not a one-time project | β Refuted |
Implications
Digital transformation in higher education is an institutional challenge that happens to involve technologyβnot a technology challenge that happens to occur in institutions. The universities that transform successfully are those that invest as much in leadership development, change management, faculty engagement, and ethical deliberation as they invest in hardware and software.
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| μ£Όμ₯ | κ·Όκ±° | νμ |
|---|
| μ‘°μ§μ μ€λΉλκ° κΈ°μ λ³΄λ€ DT μ±κ³΅μ λ κ²°μ νλ€ | Veseli μΈ(2025): μ νμ κΈ°μ μ νκ³κ° μλ λΆμΆ©λΆν λ³ν κ΄λ¦¬μμ λΉλ‘―λ¨ | β
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| μ€λ¦¬μ 리λμμ μ±
μ μλ DTμ νμμ μ΄λ€ | Thed Tin & Yong(2025): ν¨μ¨μ± μ€μ¬μ DTλ μ€λ¦¬μ Β·λ¬Ένμ Β·μΈμ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μνν ν μ μμ | β
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References (5)
[1] Veseli, A., Hasanaj, P., & Bajraktari, A. (2025). Perceptions of Organizational Change Readiness for Sustainable Digital Transformation: Insights from Learning Management System Projects in Higher Education Institutions. Sustainability, 17(2), 619.
[2] Flores, E. (2024). Digital Transformation in Cambodian Higher Education and Its Impact on Teaching and Learning Outcomes. JAFESS, 9(1), 3. )3.
[3] Thed Tin, S. & Yong, J. (2025). Beyond the Algorithm: Ethical Leadership and Human Values in the Digital Transformation of Higher Education. ARBMS, 39(1), 207β218.
[4] Imbar, R. (2025). Critical Success Factors for Digital Transformation in HEI Management. Proc. IEEE ICISS 2025.