Trend AnalysisEducationSystematic Review
Global South Education โ Digital Divide and Leapfrogging Opportunities
Education technology in the Global South faces a compound challenge: infrastructure gaps, affordability barriers, and limited digital literacy create a digital divide that EdTech cannot bridge alone. A bibliometric analysis of R&D spending reveals that 67% of Arab States' research output depends on Global North collaboration, while Sub-Saharan Africa shows the widest disparities.
By ORAA Research
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.
The promise of education technology in the Global South has always been dual: bridging gaps in access and quality while potentially enabling "leapfrogging"โskipping intermediate stages of development to adopt advanced technologies directly. Mobile banking in East Africa is the canonical leapfrogging example, and EdTech advocates have long hoped for a similar trajectory in education.
The reality has been more complicated. A comprehensive bibliometric analysis by Akpan, Offodile, Akpanobong, and Kobara (2024) reveals the structural dimensions of the digital divide in education across Global South countries. Their findings show that research and development (R&D) expenditure on virtual education and e-learning varies enormously across regions, with corresponding effects on research output and innovation capacity.
The R&D Landscape
Akpan et al. (2024) analyze bibliometric data alongside World Bank R&D expenditure figures to map the relationship between investment and educational technology research output. East Asia and the Pacific spent significantly more on R&D and achieved the highest scientific literature publication rates, with measurable impacts on educational practice. Other Global South regions maintained flat R&D spending until 2020, when COVID-19 triggered increased funding and a corresponding 42% rise in publications.
Two findings are particularly revealing. First, 67% of Arab States' scientific literature publications and 60% of their citation impact came from collaborations with Global North and other Global South institutions, indicating high research dependency rather than indigenous capacity. Second, 51% of high-impact publications were multi-country collaborations primarily led by non-Global South institutions. The knowledge being produced about Global South education is substantially shaped by external perspectives and priorities.
Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Eastern Europe and Central Asia showed the highest digital divides, with a few dominant countries accounting for most research output within each region. This intra-regional inequality mirrors the broader digital divide: within the Global South, some countries are advancing rapidly while others fall further behind.
The Digital Divide as an Equity Problem
Assefa, Gebremeskel, Moges, Tilwani, and Azmera (2024) reframe the digital divide through a social justice lens. Their systematic review identifies three primary drivers: affordability of digital devices, infrastructure limitations, and limited digital literacy. Critically, they argue that the digital divide does not merely limit access to technologyโit impairs teachers' pedagogical approaches, reduces students' learning engagement, and exacerbates existing educational disparities.
The compounding nature of the divide is central to their argument. Students from marginalized communities face what the authors term "automated inequality"โwhere the very technologies designed to democratize education reinforce existing stratifications because access is distributed along existing socioeconomic lines.
<
| Claim | Evidence | Verdict |
|---|
| EdTech can bridge the educational gap in the Global South | Infrastructure and affordability barriers limit reach | โ ๏ธ Conditional โ requires infrastructure investment |
| Global South countries are building indigenous EdTech research capacity | Akpan et al. (2024): high dependency on Global North collaboration | โ ๏ธ Uneven โ some regions advancing, others dependent |
| COVID-19 accelerated EdTech adoption in the Global South | Both studies: increased funding and adoption during pandemic | โ
Supported |
| The digital divide primarily affects access | Assefa et al. (2024): affects pedagogy, engagement, and outcomes | โ Too narrow โ divide affects the entire learning ecosystem |
The World Bank's EdTech Strategy
Salimi (2025) provides a critical examination of the World Bank's approach to ICT in education in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2011 to 2022. Through analysis of the Bank's policy documents and project portfolios, the study finds a gap between the Bank's research recommendations and its funding patterns. Policy documents emphasize comprehensive EdTech integration, but actual project funding often supports hardware procurement without equivalent investment in teacher training, content development, or ongoing support.
This patternโwhat might be called the "technology-first" approachโhas been a persistent critique of EdTech interventions in developing contexts. Providing devices without connectivity, connectivity without content, or content without pedagogical support produces investments that underperform their potential. Salimi's analysis suggests that even institutional actors with significant resources and expertise continue to struggle with implementing comprehensive approaches.
Ground-Level Evidence
Kafile, Ninana, and Makhetha (2025) provide mixed-methods evidence from South Africa's Extended Curriculum Programme, where digital access disparities directly affect learning participation. Their study confirms that technology plays a critical role in supporting engagement but that disparities in access and digital literacy undermine equity in practice. Students in the programme who lacked reliable internet access or personal devices fell behind in online components, creating a two-tier learning experience within the same programme.
The South African case illustrates a broader pattern: as education systems increasingly incorporate digital components, the consequences of the digital divide shift from being about access to optional supplementary resources to being about access to core educational experiences.
Leapfrogging: Conditions and Constraints
The leapfrogging narrative remains attractive but requires qualification. Mobile phone penetration in the Global South exceeds computer access by large margins, and mobile-first educational platforms have shown promise in several contexts. But educational leapfrogging faces constraints that financial leapfrogging did not: education requires sustained engagement over years, not one-time transactions; learning outcomes depend on human relationships (teachers, peers) that technology can supplement but not replace; and educational quality assessment is harder to automate than financial transaction verification.
Genuine educational leapfrogging may be possible in specific domainsโlanguage learning apps, mathematics practice platforms, vocational training simulationsโwhere content can be delivered effectively through mobile devices and learning outcomes can be assessed algorithmically. But for the broader goals of educationโcritical thinking, civic engagement, professional identity formationโthe pathway from technology adoption to improved outcomes is longer and less certain.
Open Questions
The most pressing question is whether the post-COVID increase in EdTech investment in the Global South will be sustained or was a crisis response that fades as the pandemic recedes. If R&D spending returns to pre-pandemic levels, the publication and innovation gains documented by Akpan et al. may prove temporary.
Second, the relationship between indigenous research capacity and effective EdTech implementation deserves attention. Solutions developed externally may not fit local contexts, but building local research capacity requires long-term investment in human capital and institutional infrastructure.
Third, the role of generative AI in Global South education presents both opportunity and risk. AI tutoring systems could potentially provide individualized instruction in resource-constrained settings, but they also require connectivity, devices, and digital literacy that the most marginalized learners lack.
๋ฉด์ฑ
์กฐํญ: ์ด ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ์ ์ ๋ณด ์ ๊ณต์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ํฅ ๊ฐ์์ด๋ค. ํน์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํต๊ณ, ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ์ ์ ์๋ฌผ์์ ์ธ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ํตํด ๋ฐ๋์ ๊ฒ์ฆํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค ๊ต์ก โ ๋์งํธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์ ๋์ฝ(Leapfrogging) ๊ธฐํ
๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค์์ ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐ์ (EdTech)์ด ์ฝ์ํด ์จ ๊ฒ์ ํญ์ ์ด์ค์ ์ด์๋ค. ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ง์ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ขํ๋ ๋์์, ์ค๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋๋ฐ๊ณ ์ฒจ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ง์ ๋์
ํ๋ "๋์ฝ(leapfrogging)"์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ ๋ฑ
ํน์ ๋์ฝ์ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์ฌ๋ก์ด๋ฉฐ, EdTech ์นํธ์๋ค์ ์ค๋ซ๋์ ๊ต์ก ๋ถ์ผ์์๋ ์ ์ฌํ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๊ฐ ์คํ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ํด ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ์ค์ ๋ ๋ณต์กํ๋ค. Akpan, Offodile, Akpanobong, Kobara(2024)์ ์ข
ํฉ์ ์ธ ๊ณ๋์์งํ(bibliometric) ๋ถ์์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๊ต์ก ๋ถ์ผ ๋์งํธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ง๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ฐจ์์ ๋๋ฌ๋ธ๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ฐ์ ๊ต์ก ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฌ๋(e-learning)์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๋ฐ(R&D) ์ง์ถ์ ์ง์ญ๋ณ๋ก ๊ทน์ฌํ ํธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐ์ถ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ์ ์ญ๋์ ์์ํ๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค.
R&D ํํฉ
Akpan et al.(2024)์ ๊ณ๋์์งํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ํ(World Bank)์ R&D ์ง์ถ ์์น๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ, ํฌ์์ ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐ์ถ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ํํ๋ค. ๋์์์ ๋ฐ ํํ์ ์ง์ญ์ R&D์ ์๋นํ ๋ง์ ๋น์ฉ์ ์ง์ถํ์๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ๊ณผํ ๋ฌธํ ๋ฐํ์จ์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ต์ก ์ค์ฒ์๋ ์ธก์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ธ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค ์ง์ญ๋ค์ 2020๋
๊น์ง R&D ์ง์ถ์ด ์ ์ฒด ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ค๊ฐ, COVID-19๋ฅผ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ์๊ธ ์ง์์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ฉด์ ์ถํ๋ฌผ์ด 42% ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค.
ํนํ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๊ณผํ ๋ฌธํ ๋ฐํ ์ค 67%, ํผ์ธ์ฉ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ 60%๊ฐ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๋
ธ์ค(Global North) ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค ๊ธฐ๊ด๊ณผ์ ํ๋ ฅ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์์์ ์ญ๋๋ณด๋ค ๋์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์์กด๋๋ฅผ ์์ฌํ๋ค. ๋์งธ, ๊ณ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ ์ถํ๋ฌผ์ 51%๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ด ์ฃผ๋ํ๋ ๋ค๊ตญ๊ฐ ํ๋ ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค. ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค ๊ต์ก์ ๊ดํด ์์ฐ๋๋ ์ง์์ ์ธ๋ถ์ ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ฐ์ ์์์ ์ํด ์๋น ๋ถ๋ถ ํ์ฑ๋๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ฌํ๋ผ ์ด๋จ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด, ๋ผํด์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐ ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธํด, ๋์ ๋ฝ ๋ฐ ์ค์์์์๋ ๋์งํธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์ง์ญ ๋ด ์์์ ์ฃผ๋์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐ์ถ๋ฌผ์ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ง์ญ ๋ด ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ ๋ ๋์ ์๋ฏธ์ ๋์งํธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์ฆ, ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค ๋ด์์๋ ์ผ๋ถ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ ์ ๋ ๋ค์ฒ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํํ์ฑ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก์์ ๋์งํธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ
Assefa, Gebremeskel, Moges, Tilwani, Azmera(2024)๋ ๋์งํธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฌํ ์ ์์ ๊ด์ ์์ ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋ฌธํ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ(systematic review)์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฃผ์ ์์ธ์ ๊ท๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ก ๋์งํธ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ ๊ตฌ๋งค ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ, ์ธํ๋ผ์ ํ๊ณ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ํ์ ์ธ ๋์งํธ ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์์ด๋ค. ํนํ ์ ์๋ค์ ๋์งํธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋จ์ํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ ๊ทผ์ ์ ํํ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์น์ง ์๊ณ , ๊ต์ฌ์ ๊ต์๋ฒ์ ์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ํดํ๊ณ , ํ์๋ค์ ํ์ต ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์์ํค๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๊ต์ก ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ ๋์ฑ ์ฌํ์ํจ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
์ ์๋ค์ ๋
ผ์ง์์ ํต์ฌ์ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์ ๋ณตํฉ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ค. ์์ธ๋ ๊ณต๋์ฒด ์ถ์ ์ ํ์๋ค์ ์ ์๋ค์ด "์๋ํ๋ ๋ถํ๋ฑ(automated inequality)"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ช
๋ช
ํ ํ์์ ์ง๋ฉดํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ์ค๊ณ๋ ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด, ์ ๊ทผ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฌํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋
ธ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์คํ๋ ค ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๊ณ์ธตํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ ํ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํจ๋ค.
<
| ์ฃผ์ฅ | ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ | ํ์ |
|---|
| EdTech์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค์ ๊ต์ก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํด์ํ ์ ์๋ค | ์ธํ๋ผ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๋งค ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ์ฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋๋ฌ ๋ฒ์๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๋ค | โ ๏ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ โ ์ธํ๋ผ ํฌ์๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค |
| ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์์์ ์ธ EdTech ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ญ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๊ณ ์๋ค | Akpan et al.(2024): ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๋
ธ์ค ํ๋ ฅ์ ๋ํ ๋์ ์์กด๋ | โ ๏ธ ๋ถ๊ท ๋ฑ โ ์ผ๋ถ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ค, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง์ญ์ ์์กด์ |
| COVID-19๊ฐ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค์ EdTech ๋์
์ ๊ฐ์ํํ์๋ค | ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจ๋: ํฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์๊ธ ์ง์ ๋ฐ ๋์
์ฆ๊ฐ | โ
์ง์ง๋จ |
| ๋์งํธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค | Assefa et al. (2024): ๊ต์๋ฒ, ์ฐธ์ฌ๋, ํ์ต ์ฑ๊ณผ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค | โ ์ง๋์น๊ฒ ํ์ํจ โ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ ํ์ต ์ํ๊ณ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค |
์ธ๊ณ์ํ์ EdTech ์ ๋ต
Salimi (2025)๋ 2011๋
๋ถํฐ 2022๋
๊น์ง ์ฌํ๋ผ ์ด๋จ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ์ธ๊ณ์ํ์ด ์ถ์งํ ๊ต์ก ICT ์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋นํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค. ์ธ๊ณ์ํ์ ์ ์ฑ
๋ฌธ์์ ํ๋ก์ ํธ ํฌํธํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ธ๊ณ์ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ถ๊ณ ์ฌํญ๊ณผ ์ค์ ์๊ธ ์ง์ ํจํด ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ฐ๊ทน์ด ์กด์ฌํจ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ ์ฑ
๋ฌธ์๋ ํฌ๊ด์ ์ธ EdTech ํตํฉ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ์ง๋ง, ์ค์ ํ๋ก์ ํธ ์๊ธ ์ง์์ ๊ต์ฌ ์ฐ์, ์ฝํ
์ธ ๊ฐ๋ฐ, ์ง์์ ์ง์์ ๋ํ ๋๋ฑํ ํฌ์ ์์ด ํ๋์จ์ด ์กฐ๋ฌ๋ง์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ํจํด, ์ฆ "๊ธฐ์ ์ฐ์ " ์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์๊ตญ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์ EdTech ๊ฐ์
์ ๋ํ ์ง์์ ์ธ ๋นํ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ ธ ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ฑ ์์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ง ์ ๊ณตํ๊ฑฐ๋, ์ฝํ
์ธ ์์ด ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ฑ๋ง ์ ๊ณตํ๊ฑฐ๋, ๊ต์๋ฒ์ ์ง์ ์์ด ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ง ์ ๊ณตํ๋ฉด ์ ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ๋ชป ๋ฏธ์น๋ ํฌ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณ๋๋ค. Salimi์ ๋ถ์์ ์๋นํ ์์๊ณผ ์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ ํ ๊ธฐ๊ด ํ์์๋ค์กฐ์ฐจ ํฌ๊ด์ ์ธ ์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์คํํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ด๋ ค์์ ๊ฒช๊ณ ์์์ ์์ฌํ๋ค.
ํ์ฅ ์์ค์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ
Kafile, Ninana, Makhetha (2025)๋ ๋จ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ Extended Curriculum Programme์์ ๋์งํธ ์ ๊ทผ ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ด ํ์ต ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค๋ ํผํฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ์ฐธ์ฌ ์ง์์ ์์ด ํต์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ญํ ์ ํ์ง๋ง, ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋์งํธ ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์์ ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ด ์ค์ ๋ก๋ ํํ์ฑ์ ์ ํดํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ ํ์ธํ๋ค. ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ํ์ ์ค ์์ ์ ์ธ ์ธํฐ๋ท ์ ์์ด๋ ๊ฐ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์๋ ํ์๋ค์ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์์์ ๋ค์ฒ์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋์ผํ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๋ด์์๋ ์ด์ค์ ์ธ ํ์ต ๊ฒฝํ์ ๋ณ์๋ค.
๋จ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณตํ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋ก๋ ๋ณด๋ค ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ํจํด์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์ฆ, ๊ต์ก ์์คํ
์ด ๋์งํธ ์์๋ฅผ ์ ์ ๋ ๋ง์ด ํฌํจํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์, ๋์งํธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ ํ์ ๋ณด์ถฉ ์๋ฃ์ ๋ํ ์ ๊ทผ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์์ ํต์ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ต์ก ๊ฒฝํ์ ๋ํ ์ ๊ทผ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ์ด๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋์ฝ: ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ ์ฝ
๋์ฝ ์์ฌ๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ด์ง๋ง ์ผ์ ํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ถ๋๋ค. ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค์์ ํด๋์ ํ ๋ณด๊ธ๋ฅ ์ ์ปดํจํฐ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ ํฌ๊ฒ ์์๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ ์ฐ์ ๊ต์ก ํ๋ซํผ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ต์ก์ ๋์ฝ์ ๊ธ์ต ๋์ฝ์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ์ง ์์๋ ์ ์ฝ์ ์ง๋ฉดํ๋ค. ๊ต์ก์ ์ผํ์ฑ ๊ฑฐ๋๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์๋
์ ๊ฑธ์น ์ง์์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ต ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋ณด์ํ ์๋ ์์ด๋ ๋์ฒดํ ์ ์๋ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ด๊ณ(๊ต์ฌ, ๋๋ฃ)์ ์์กดํ๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ต์ก ํ์ง ํ๊ฐ๋ ๊ธ์ต ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ฆ๋ณด๋ค ์๋ํํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
์ง์ ํ ๊ต์ก์ ๋์ฝ์ ํน์ ์์ญ, ์ฆ ์ธ์ด ํ์ต ์ฑ, ์ํ ์ฐ์ต ํ๋ซํผ, ์ง์
ํ๋ จ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฌํ๊ณ ํ์ต ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ ์์ญ์์๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์๋ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋นํ์ ์ฌ๊ณ , ์๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์ฌ, ์ง์
์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ ๋์ ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ์ํด์๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฑํ์์ ํ์ต ์ฑ๊ณผ ํฅ์์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๊ฐ ๋ ๊ธธ๊ณ ๋ถํ์คํ๋ค.
๋ฏธํด๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ์
๊ฐ์ฅ ์๊ธํ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค์์ ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ดํ ์ฆ๊ฐํ EdTech ํฌ์๊ฐ ์ง์๋ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง, ์๋๋ฉด ํฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฌ๋๋ฉด์ ์ฌ๋ผ์ ธ ๊ฐ๋ ์๊ธฐ ๋์์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋์ง ์ฌ๋ถ์ด๋ค. R&D ์ง์ถ์ด ํฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน ์ด์ ์์ค์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋ค๋ฉด, Akpan et al.์ด ๊ธฐ๋กํ ์ถํ ๋ฐ ํ์ ์ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ ์ผ์์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ช
๋ ์ ์๋ค.
๋์งธ, ์์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ญ๋๊ณผ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ EdTech ์คํ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ธ๋ถ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ ํด๊ฒฐ์ฑ
์ ํ์ง ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ๋ง์ง ์์ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ํ์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ญ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ธ์ ์๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ ๋์ ์ธํ๋ผ์ ๋ํ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํฌ์๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
์
์งธ, ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฌ์ฐ์ค(Global South) ๊ต์ก์์ ์์ฑํ AI์ ์ญํ ์ ๊ธฐํ์ ์ํ์ ๋์์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. AI ํํฐ๋ง ์์คํ
์ ์์์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ๊ฐ๋ณํ๋ ๊ต์ก์ ์ ๊ณตํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์์ง๋ง, ๊ฐ์ฅ ์์ธ๋ ํ์ต์๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์ถ์ง ๋ชปํ ์ธํฐ๋ท ์ฐ๊ฒฐ, ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ, ๋์งํธ ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์(digital literacy)๋ฅผ ํ์๋ก ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
References (6)
Akpan, I., Offodile, O. F., Akpanobong, A., & Kobara, Y. (2024). A comparative analysis of virtual education technology and digital divide in the Global South. Informatics.
Assefa, Y., Gebremeskel, M., Moges, B. T., Tilwani, S. A., & Azmera, Y. A. (2024). Rethinking the digital divide and educational in(equity) in developing countries. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology.
Salimi, F. (2025). Aligning policy and practice: The World Bank's approach to EdTech in Sub-Saharan Africa. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education.
Kafile, M., Ninana, A., & Makhetha, P. (2025). The digital divide and e-learning participation in South Africa. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research.
Assefa, Y., Gebremeskel, M. M., Moges, B. T., Tilwani, S. A., & Azmera, Y. A. (2025). Rethinking the digital divide andย associated educational in(equity) in higher education in the context ofย developing countries: the social justice perspective. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 42(1), 15-32.
Kafile, M., Ninana, A., & Makhetha, P. (2025). The Digital Divide and E-Learning Participation: A Mixed-Methods Study of Extended Curriculum Programme Students in South Africa. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(9), 769-784.