Trend AnalysisChemistry & Materials
Covalent Organic Frameworks: Designer Porous Materials from Organic Building Blocks
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline, porous materials constructed entirely from light elements (C, H, N, O, B) linked by strong covalent bonds. Unlike metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), C...
By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.
The Question
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline, porous materials constructed entirely from light elements (C, H, N, O, B) linked by strong covalent bonds. Unlike metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), COFs contain no metal nodes, making them lighter, more chemically stable under acidic conditions, and potentially cheaper at scale. First reported in 2005 by Yaghi and co-workers, COFs have expanded from gas storage curiosities into platforms for catalysis, energy storage, membrane separation, and drug delivery. With over 1,000 COF structures now reported, which applications are approaching real-world deployment?
Landscape
L. Zhu et al. (2025) in Energy & Environmental Science, reviewed COF membranes for energy storage and conversion โ batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and electrolysers. COF membranes offer ordered nanopores with sub-angstrom precision, enabling selective ion transport that outperforms randomly porous polymer membranes. Their analysis identified COF proton-exchange membranes and COF-based battery separators as the closest to practical application.
Mow et al. (2024) introduced a novel concept: porous liquids from polymer-coated COFs. By coating COF particles with soluble polymer chains, they created free-flowing liquids with permanent porosity โ materials that combine the gas storage capacity of solids with the processability of liquids. Applications include gas storage and transport in liquid-phase systems.
X. Liu et al. (2024) in JACS, demonstrated gas-triggered gate-opening in a flexible 3D COF โ the first example of a "soft porous crystal" behaviour in COFs. The framework transforms from a nonporous to a porous state upon exposure to specific gases, enabling highly selective gas recognition and separation.
Borah et al. (2025) reviewed MOF-COF hybrid materials that combine the metal-based catalytic activity of MOFs with the organic tunability and chemical stability of COFs. These hybrid materials outperform either parent framework alone in catalysis and sensing applications.
Key Claims & Evidence
<
| Claim | Evidence | Verdict |
|---|
| COF membranes achieve superior ion selectivity over polymers | Ordered nanopores enable precise ion sieving (L. Zhu et al. 2025) | Supported; scalable membrane fabrication needed |
| Porous liquids from COFs combine porosity with processability | Polymer-coated COFs maintain permanent porosity in liquid state (Mow et al. 2024) | Novel concept demonstrated; gas storage capacity lower than solid COFs |
| Flexible COFs exhibit gate-opening gas selectivity | 3D COF transforms from nonporous to porous upon gas exposure (X. Liu et al. 2024) | First-of-kind demonstration; mechanism well-characterised |
| MOF-COF hybrids outperform parent frameworks | Synergistic catalytic and sensing activity (Borah et al. 2025) | Supported across multiple applications |
Open Questions
Large-scale synthesis: COF synthesis typically requires harsh solvothermal conditions and produces milligram to gram quantities. Can mechanochemistry, flow chemistry, or interfacial polymerisation scale production?
Crystallinity vs. amorphous analogues: Amorphous porous organic polymers are easier to synthesise. When does COF crystallinity actually matter for performance?
Water stability: Many imine-linked COFs hydrolyse in water. Can hydrolytically stable linkages (olefin, imide, benzoxazole) maintain crystallinity and porosity under aqueous conditions?
Computational design: Can reticular chemistry principles + machine learning predict COF structures with targeted properties before synthesis?Referenced Papers
- [1] Zhu, L. et al. (2025). COF Membranes for Energy Storage and Conversion. Energy & Environmental Science. DOI: 10.1039/d5ee00494b
- [2] Mow, R.E. et al. (2024). Polymer-Coated COFs as Porous Liquids for Gas Storage. Chemistry of Materials. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02828
- [3] Li, Q. et al. (2025). COF nanomaterials: Syntheses, architectures, and applications. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2025.103427
- [4] Liu, X. et al. (2024). Gas-Triggered Gate-Opening in a Flexible 3D COF. J. Am. Chem. Soc. DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01331
- [5] Borah, P. et al. (2025). The fusion of MOF and COF. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2025.103613
๋ฉด์ฑ
์กฐํญ: ์ด ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ์ ์ ๋ณด ์ ๊ณต์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ํฅ ๊ฐ์์ด๋ค. ํ์ ์ ์๋ฌผ์์ ์ธ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํต๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ํตํด ๊ฒ์ฆํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
๊ณต์ ๊ฒฐํฉ ์ ๊ธฐ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ฒด: ์ ๊ธฐ ๋น๋ฉ ๋ธ๋ก์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ณ๋ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ ์์ฌ
๋ถ์ผ: ํํ | ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก : ์คํ-๊ณ์ฐ
์ ์: Sean K.S. Shin | ๋ ์ง: 2026-03-17
์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ง๋ฌธ
๊ณต์ ๊ฒฐํฉ ์ ๊ธฐ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ฒด(COF)๋ ๊ฐํ ๊ณต์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์์(C, H, N, O, B)๋ง์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ฑ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ ์์ฌ์ด๋ค. ๊ธ์-์ ๊ธฐ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ฒด(MOF)์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ, COF๋ ๊ธ์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ์ง ์์ ๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ๊ณ , ์ฐ์ฑ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ํํ์ ์์ ์ฑ์ด ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋๊ท๋ชจ ์์ฐ ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ ์ ๋ ดํ๋ค. 2005๋
Yaghi ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์ ์ํด ์ฒ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ COF๋ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ ์ฅ ๋ถ์ผ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์์์ ์ด๋งค, ์๋์ง ์ ์ฅ, ๋ง ๋ถ๋ฆฌ, ์ฝ๋ฌผ ์ ๋ฌ ํ๋ซํผ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฅ๋์๋ค. ํ์ฌ 1,000๊ฐ ์ด์์ COF ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ, ์ด๋ค ์์ฉ ๋ถ์ผ๊ฐ ์ค์ ์์ฉํ์ ๊ทผ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋๊ฐ?
์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ํฅ
L. Zhu et al. (2025)์ Energy & Environmental Science์์ ์๋์ง ์ ์ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ณํ(๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ, ์ํผ์ปคํจ์ํฐ, ์ฐ๋ฃ์ ์ง, ์ ํด์กฐ)์ ์ํ COF ๋ง์ ๋ํด ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐํ์๋ค. COF ๋ง์ ์น์คํธ๋กฌ ์ดํ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ก ์ ๋ ฌ๋ ๋๋
ธ๊ธฐ๊ณต์ ์ ๊ณตํ์ฌ, ๋ฌด์์ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ๋ง๋ณด๋ค ์ฐ์ํ ์ ํ์ ์ด์จ ์์ก์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ๋ถ์์ COF ์์ฑ์ ๊ตํ๋ง๊ณผ COF ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ง์ด ์ค์ฉํ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ทผ์ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธํ์๋ค.
Mow et al. (2024)์ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋ก ์ฝํ
๋ COF๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ ์ก์ฒด๋ผ๋ ์๋ก์ด ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. COF ์
์๋ฅผ ์ฉํด์ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ก ์ฝํ
ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ, ๊ณ ์ฒด์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ ์ฅ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ก์ฒด์ ๊ฐ๊ณต์ฑ์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ ์๊ตฌ์ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ์ ์ง๋ ์์ ์ ๋ ์ก์ฒด ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํํ์๋ค. ์์ฉ ๋ถ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ก์ฒด์ ์์คํ
์์์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ ์ฅ ๋ฐ ์์ก์ด ํฌํจ๋๋ค.
X. Liu et al. (2024)์ JACS์์ ์ ์ฐํ 3D COF์์์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ์ดํธ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ํ์์ ์ต์ด๋ก ์์ฐํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ COF์์์ "์ฐ์ฑ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ ๊ฒฐ์ " ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฌ๋ก์ด๋ค. ํด๋น ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ฒด๋ ํน์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋ ๋ ๋น๋ค๊ณต์ฑ ์ํ์์ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ ์ํ๋ก ๋ณํ๋์ด, ๊ณ ๋๋ก ์ ํ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ธ์ ๋ฐ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
Borah et al. (2025)์ MOF์ ๊ธ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋งค ํ์ฑ๊ณผ COF์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์กฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ๋ฐ ํํ์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ MOF-COF ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ฌ๋ ์ด๋งค ๋ฐ ์ผ์ฑ ์์ฉ์์ ์ด๋ ํ์ชฝ ๋จ๋
๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ฒด๋ณด๋ค ์ฐ์ํ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค.
ํต์ฌ ์ฃผ์ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ
<
| ์ฃผ์ฅ | ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ | ํ์ |
|---|
| COF ๋ง์ ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ๋๋น ์ฐ์ํ ์ด์จ ์ ํ์ฑ์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋ค | ์ ๋ ฌ๋ ๋๋
ธ๊ธฐ๊ณต์ด ์ ๋ฐํ ์ด์จ ์ฒด๊ฑฐ๋ฆ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํจ (L. Zhu et al. 2025) | ์ง์ง๋จ; ํ์ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ง ์ ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ |
| COF ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ ์ก์ฒด๋ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ณต์ฑ์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ๋ค | ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ์ฝํ
COF๊ฐ ์ก์ฒด ์ํ์์ ์๊ตฌ์ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ ์ ์ง (Mow et al. 2024) | ์๋ก์ด ๊ฐ๋
์์ฐ๋จ; ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ ์ฅ ์ฉ๋์ ๊ณ ์ฒด COF๋ณด๋ค ๋ฎ์ |
| ์ ์ฐํ COF๋ ๊ฒ์ดํธ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ ํ์ฑ์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค | 3D COF๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋
ธ์ถ ์ ๋น๋ค๊ณต์ฑ์์ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ (X. Liu et al. 2024) | ์ต์ด ์์ฐ; ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๊ท๋ช
๋จ |
| MOF-COF ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋๋ ๋จ๋
๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ฒด๋ณด๋ค ์ฐ์ํ๋ค | ์๋์ง์ ์ด๋งค ๋ฐ ์ผ์ฑ ํ์ฑ (Borah et al. 2025) | ๋ค์์ ์์ฉ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์ง์ง๋จ |
๋ฏธํด๊ฒฐ ์ง๋ฌธ
๋๊ท๋ชจ ํฉ์ฑ: COF ํฉ์ฑ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐํนํ ์ฉ๋งค์ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ํ์๋ก ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋จ์์ ๊ทธ๋จ ์์ค์ ์์ ์์ฐํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณํํ, ํ๋ก์ฐ ํํ, ๋๋ ๊ณ๋ฉด ์คํฉ์ ํตํด ์์ฐ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ๋ํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ?
๊ฒฐ์ ์ฑ ๋ ๋น์ ์ง ์ ์ฌ์ฒด: ๋น์ ์ง ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ ์ ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋ ํฉ์ฑ์ด ๋ ์ฉ์ดํ๋ค. COF์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ฑ์ด ์ค์ ๋ก ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์ธ์ ์ธ๊ฐ?
์๋ถ ์์ ์ฑ: ์ด๋ฏผ ๊ฒฐํฉ COF ์ค ๋ค์๋ ๋ฌผ์์ ๊ฐ์๋ถํด๋๋ค. ์ฌ๋ ํ, ์ด๋ฏธ๋, ๋ฒค์กฑ์ฌ์กธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์๋ถํด ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ด ์๊ณ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ์ ์ ์งํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ?
์ ์ฐ ์ค๊ณ: ๋ง์ ํํ(reticular chemistry) ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋จธ์ ๋ฌ๋์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ์ฌ ํฉ์ฑ ์ ์ ๋ชฉํ ํน์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง COF ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์์ธกํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ?References (5)
Zhu, L., Cao, Y., Xu, T., Yang, H., Wang, L., Dai, L., et al. (2025). Covalent organic framework membranes for energy storage and conversion. Energy & Environmental Science, 18(12), 5675-5739.
Mow, R. E., Russell-Parks, G. A., Redwine, G. E. B., Petel, B. E., Gennett, T., & Braunecker, W. A. (2024). Polymer-Coated Covalent Organic Frameworks as Porous Liquids for Gas Storage. Chemistry of Materials, 36(3), 1579-1590.
Li, Q., Zhu, Y., Pan, T., Zhang, G., & Pang, H. (2025). Covalent organic framework nanomaterials: Syntheses, architectures, and applications. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 339, 103427.
Liu, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Yang, N., Gui, B., Sun, J., et al. (2024). Gas-Triggered Gate-Opening in a Flexible Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework. Journal of the American Chemical Society.
Borah, P., Roy, S., & Ahmaruzzaman, M. (2025). The fusion of metal-organic framework (MOF) and covalent organic framework (COF): A synergistic leap toward bridging boundaries in catalytic, sensing, and biomedical frontiers. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 344, 103613.