Trend AnalysisEducationMixed Methods

COIL and Virtual Exchange: Can a Screen Replace a Semester Abroad?

Only 2-3% of university students study abroad. Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) promises to bring intercultural learning to the other 97% through structured virtual exchange. Five papers examine whether digital encounters can develop the intercultural competencies that physical mobility provides.

By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.

The internationalization of higher education has long been synonymous with physical mobility: study abroad programs, exchange semesters, international internships. These experiences are genuinely transformative for the students who access them. The problem is that access is profoundly unequal: only 2-3% of university students worldwide study abroad, and those who do are disproportionately white, affluent, and from well-resourced institutions. The 97% who do not study abroadโ€”because of cost, family obligations, visa restrictions, disability, or institutional barriersโ€”miss the intercultural learning that internationalization is supposed to provide.

Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) emerged as a response to this access gap. By pairing classes at universities in different countries for structured collaborative projects, COIL aims to provide intercultural learning experiences without requiring physical mobility. The approach has grown rapidly: hundreds of institutions worldwide now participate in COIL programs, and the pandemic accelerated adoption as physical exchange became impossible.

The question is whether virtual intercultural encounter can produce the depth of learning that physical immersion providesโ€”or whether COIL represents a useful but qualitatively different form of international education.

Defining the Field

Hackett, Dawson, and Janssen (2024) address a foundational conceptual question: what is COIL, and how does it differ from the broader practice of Virtual Exchange (VE)? COIL is often framed as an example of VE, and the terms are used interchangeablyโ€”but the paper argues that this conflation obscures important pedagogical differences.

COIL, as originally developed at SUNY COIL Center, emphasizes: co-designed curricula (faculty at both institutions jointly plan the learning experience), experiential collaboration (students work together on shared projects, not just observe each other), and embedded assessment (intercultural learning outcomes are assessed within the course, not assumed).

Virtual Exchange, by contrast, encompasses a broader range of practicesโ€”from one-off videoconference sessions to semester-long telecollaborationโ€”with varying degrees of structure, collaboration, and assessment. The distinction matters because the quality of intercultural learning depends on the design of the encounter, not merely the fact that it occurs.

Developing Global Competencies

Kopish and ZayimoฤŸlu ร–ztรผrk (2024) explore COIL efforts between Turkish and American universities in teacher education. The study examines how co-designed courses develop intercultural and global competencies among teacher candidates.

Drawing from theoretical perspectives on intercultural competence, the study documents how structured virtual collaboration enables teacher candidates to: confront assumptions about educational systems they have never experienced, develop communication strategies for navigating cultural difference, and reflect on their own cultural positioning in ways that domestic coursework alone does not prompt.

The teacher education context is particularly significant because future teachers will educate increasingly diverse student populations. If teacher candidates develop intercultural competence through COIL, this competence propagates to their future studentsโ€”a multiplier effect that study abroad cannot achieve at comparable scale.

Practical Design Guidance

Kennedy, Dubreuil, and Thibodeau (2025) provide practical guidance on how to develop and deliver COIL-based virtual exchanges. COIL is a pedagogical approach that emphasizes experiential and collaborative learning activities. The key aim is to encourage students to develop intercultural competenceโ€”the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately across cultures.

The practical design framework includes: partner identification (finding institutions with compatible academic calendars, course content, and institutional support), ice-breaking activities (building rapport before substantive collaboration), collaborative tasks (designing projects that require genuine interdependence rather than parallel work), and reflection (structured activities that prompt students to articulate what they learned about cultural difference).

Assessment Challenges

McHugh (2026) explores peer assessment of intercultural competence in COILโ€”a methodological innovation that addresses a persistent assessment challenge. With more than 40 instruments available for assessing intercultural competence, most tools focus on individual self-assessment and fail to consider how an individual's intercultural competence is perceived by others.

Peer assessmentโ€”having COIL partners evaluate each other's intercultural competenceโ€”adds an external perspective that self-assessment cannot provide. A student may believe they are culturally sensitive, but their international partner's assessment may reveal blind spots that self-reflection misses.

Language as Mediator

Chanwaiwit and Mori (2024) examine COIL's impact on Thai Business English students' awareness of intercultural communication and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). The study addresses a dimension that many COIL studies overlook: the role of language in mediating intercultural encounter.

When COIL participants share a lingua franca (typically English), the quality of communication depends not only on language proficiency but on "ELF awareness"โ€”understanding that English in international contexts is not a native-speaker standard but a shared communicative resource that all participants adapt. The COIL project improved students' understanding of this distinction, suggesting that virtual exchange can develop not just intercultural but translingual competence.

Claims and Evidence

<
ClaimEvidenceVerdict
COIL develops intercultural competenceKopish & ร–ztรผrk (2024), Chanwaiwit & Mori (2024): documented through reflective and survey dataโœ… Supported
COIL is equivalent to study abroad in intercultural learning outcomesNo comparative study demonstrates equivalence; COIL may develop different competenciesโš ๏ธ Uncertain
COIL provides internationalization access to non-mobile studentsHackett et al. (2024): design enables participation without travelโœ… Supported
Self-assessment adequately measures intercultural competenceMcHugh (2026): self-assessment misses external perceptions; peer assessment adds valueโŒ Refuted (as sole measure)
COIL scales easily across institutionsKennedy et al. (2025): requires institutional support, faculty time, and partner coordinationโš ๏ธ Uncertain (scalable with investment)

Open Questions

  • Does virtual intercultural encounter produce lasting competence? Most COIL studies measure outcomes immediately after the exchange. Whether the competencies persist and transfer to professional practice is underresearched.
  • Can COIL address deep cultural difference, or only surface-level exchange? Structured collaboration may reveal visible cultural differences (communication styles, educational norms) but may not access deeper dimensions (values, worldviews, power relations).
  • How does time zone difference affect COIL quality? Partnerships between institutions in distant time zones face scheduling challenges that may limit synchronous interactionโ€”the type most associated with interpersonal relationship-building.
  • Should COIL be mandatory for all students? If COIL provides intercultural learning that study abroad provides to a privileged few, should it be required as part of every degree program?
  • Implications

    COIL represents a genuine contribution to the democratization of international education. It will not replace study abroad for the students who can access itโ€”physical immersion in another culture provides a depth of experience that virtual encounter cannot replicate. But for the vast majority of students who will never study abroad, COIL offers a structured, assessed, pedagogically grounded intercultural learning experience that is better than no international experience at all.

    References (5)

    [1] Hackett, S., Dawson, M., Janssen, J., & van Tartwijk, J. (2024). Defining Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) and Distinguishing it from Virtual Exchange. TechTrends, 68, 1078โ€“1094.
    [2] Kopish, M.A. & ZayimoฤŸlu ร–ztรผrk, F. (2024). Collaborative Online International Learning: A Promising Practice for Developing Intercultural and Global Competencies with Turkish and American Teacher Candidates. Frontiers, 36(2), 925.
    [3] Kennedy, J., Dubreuil, J., & Thibodeau, D. (2025). How to Develop and Deliver a Virtual Exchange Based on Collaborative Online International Learning Principles (COIL). The Clinical Teacher, 22, 70121.
    [4] McHugh, A.B. (2026). Exploring the incorporation of peer assessment of intercultural competence in a collaborative online international learning (COIL) exchange. Journal of Virtual Exchange, 9, 42099.
    [5] Chanwaiwit, P. & Mori, L. (2024). FOSTERING INTERCULTURAL AND ELF AWARENESS IN BUSINESS ENGLISH STUDENTS THROUGH VIRTUAL EXCHANGE. TEFLIN Journal, 35(2), 232โ€“247.

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