Trend AnalysisBiology & Life Sciences
Circadian Clocks and Disease: When Time Goes Wrong
Every cell in the human body contains a molecular clock โ interlocking transcription-translation feedback loops involving CLOCK, BMAL1, PER, and CRY genes that oscillate with ~24-hour periodicity. The...
By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.
The Question
Every cell in the human body contains a molecular clock โ interlocking transcription-translation feedback loops involving CLOCK, BMAL1, PER, and CRY genes that oscillate with ~24-hour periodicity. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus synchronises these peripheral clocks to the light-dark cycle. When circadian rhythms are disrupted โ by shift work, jet lag, social jet lag, or genetic variants โ the consequences extend far beyond sleep disturbance. Metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegeneration all show circadian associations. But are circadian disruptions causes of disease, consequences, or merely correlates?
Landscape
Tomatsu et al. (2025) published a clinical chronobiology review mapping circadian rhythm disruptions across disease categories. Their key synthesis: the evidence for circadian disruption as a contributor to disease (not just a symptom) is strongest for metabolic disorders (shift workers have 40% increased diabetes risk) and cancer (IARC classified night shift work as a probable carcinogen, Group 2A). For neurodegenerative diseases, the relationship is bidirectional โ circadian disruption accelerates neurodegeneration, and neurodegeneration damages the SCN, creating a vicious cycle.
Zhang et al. (2024) demonstrated pharmacological restoration of circadian rhythms using pterostilbene, a natural compound that targets the nuclear receptor RORฮณ. In sleep-restricted mice, pterostilbene rescued circadian rhythm oscillation of the liver clock and ameliorated abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism โ providing evidence that pharmacological restoration of circadian rhythms may protect against metabolic damage during sleep restriction.
Singh et al. (2025) reviewed circadian disruption specifically in Alzheimer's disease, documenting that clock gene polymorphisms (BMAL1, CLOCK, PER, CRY) and SCN degeneration contribute to AD pathology. Jiang et al. (2025) showed that sleep deprivation exacerbates experimental colitis by downregulating the clock gene Per2, linking circadian disruption to inflammatory bowel disease through a specific molecular mechanism.
Key Claims & Evidence
<
| Claim | Evidence | Verdict |
|---|
| Circadian disruption contributes to metabolic disease | 40% increased diabetes risk in shift workers; animal models confirm causality (Tomatsu et al. 2025) | Well-supported; dose-response relationship established |
| Pharmacological rhythm restoration prevents metabolic damage | Pterostilbene โ RORฮณ โ rescued liver clock oscillation โ ameliorated glucose/lipid metabolism (Zhang et al. 2024) | Supported in animal model; human chronotherapy trials emerging |
| Circadian-neurodegeneration relationship is bidirectional | Clock gene alterations in AD/PD brains; SCN damage worsens circadian disruption (Singh et al. 2025) | Supported; intervention timing critical |
| Per2 downregulation links sleep deprivation to colitis | Sleep deprivation โ โPer2 โ exacerbated DSS colitis (Jiang et al. 2025) | Supported in mouse model; human IBD-circadian association correlational |
Open Questions
Chronotherapy: If diseases are worse at certain times of day, should medications be dosed according to circadian phase? Can chronotype-adjusted drug delivery improve efficacy?
Social jet lag: The mismatch between social schedules and biological clocks affects most of the population. At what magnitude does social jet lag become clinically relevant?
Clock gene variants: Polymorphisms in PER, CRY, and CLOCK associate with disease risk. Can circadian genotyping guide preventive strategies?
Light as medicine: Timed light exposure can reset circadian phase. Can light-based interventions prevent metabolic and neurodegenerative disease progression?Referenced Papers
- [1] Tomatsu, S. et al. (2025). Clinical Chronobiology: Circadian Rhythms in Health and Disease. Seminars in Neurology. DOI: 10.1055/a-2538-3259
- [2] Zhang, J. et al. (2024). Pterostilbene targets RORฮณ to restore circadian rhythm and prevent metabolic disorders. Phytomedicine. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155327
- [3] Singh, J. et al. (2025). The rhythm of decline: Circadian disruption in neurodegeneration. Tzu Chi Medical Journal. DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3553
- [4] Zhang, J. et al. (2025). Distinct effects of tea types on circadian rhythm entrainment. npj Science of Food. DOI: 10.1038/s41538-025-00646-x
- [5] Jiang, X. et al. (2025). Sleep deprivation exacerbates colitis via Per2 downregulation. Biochemical Pharmacology. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2025.117224
๋ฉด์ฑ
์กฐํญ: ์ด ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ์ ์ ๋ณด ์ ๊ณต ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ํฅ ๊ฐ์์ด๋ค. ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ธ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํต๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์๋ฌธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ํตํด ๊ฒ์ฆํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์๊ณ์ ์ง๋ณ: ์๊ฐ์ด ์ด๊ธ๋ ๋
๋ถ์ผ: ์๋ฌผํ | ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก : ์คํ-์์
์ ์: Sean K.S. Shin | ๋ ์ง: 2026-03-17
์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ง๋ฌธ
์ธ์ฒด์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ธํฌ์๋ ๋ถ์ ์๊ณ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค โ CLOCK, BMAL1, PER, CRY ์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ ์ ์ฌ-๋ฒ์ญ ํผ๋๋ฐฑ ๋ฃจํ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ฌผ๋ ค ~24์๊ฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ง๋ํ๋ค. ์์ํ๋ถ์ ์๊ต์ฐจ์ํต(SCN)์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ง์ด ์๊ณ๋ค์ ๋ช
์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ๋๊ธฐํํ๋ค. ๊ต๋ ๊ทผ๋ฌด, ์์ฐจ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ, ์ฌํ์ ์์ฐจ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ, ๋๋ ์ ์ ์ ๋ณ์ด์ ์ํด ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฌ์ด ๊ต๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์๋ฉด ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ํจ์ฌ ๋์ด์ ๋ค. ๋์ฌ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ, ์ฌํ๊ด ์งํ, ์, ์ ๊ฒฝํดํ์ฑ ์งํ ๋ชจ๋ ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ต๋์ ์ง๋ณ์ ์์ธ์ธ๊ฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ธ๊ฐ, ์๋๋ฉด ๋จ์ํ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ์ธ๊ฐ?
์ฐ๊ตฌ ํํฉ
Tomatsu et al. (2025)์ ์ง๋ณ ๋ฒ์ฃผ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฌ ๊ต๋์ ๋ถ๋ฅํ ์์ ์๊ฐ์๋ฌผํ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ํต์ฌ ์ข
ํฉ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค: ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ต๋์ด ์ง๋ณ์ ์ฆ์์ ๊ทธ์น์ง ์๊ณ ์ง๋ณ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ๋ค๋ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋์ฌ ์ฅ์ (๊ต๋ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์์ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ์ํ 40% ์ฆ๊ฐ)์ ์(IARC๋ ์ผ๊ฐ ๊ต๋ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ ๋ฌผ์ง 2A๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ)์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ๋ค. ์ ๊ฒฝํดํ์ฑ ์งํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ์๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ด๋ค โ ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ต๋์ด ์ ๊ฒฝํดํ์ ๊ฐ์ํํ๊ณ , ์ ๊ฒฝํดํ์ SCN์ ์์์์ผ ์
์ํ์ ํ์ฑํ๋ค.
Zhang et al. (2024)์ ํต ์์ฉ์ฒด RORฮณ๋ฅผ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ฒ์ฐ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ธ ํํ
๋ก์คํธ๋ฒค์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฌ์ ์ฝ๋ฆฌํ์ ํ๋ณต์ ์
์ฆํ์๋ค. ์๋ฉด ์ ํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค์์ ํํ
๋ก์คํธ๋ฒค์ ๊ฐ ์๊ณ์ ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฌ ์ง๋์ ํ๋ณต์ํค๊ณ ๋น์ ์์ ์ธ ํฌ๋๋น ๋ฐ ์ง์ง ๋์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ์๋ค โ ์ด๋ ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฌ์ ์ฝ๋ฆฌํ์ ํ๋ณต์ด ์๋ฉด ์ ํ ๋์ ๋์ฌ ์์์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ณดํธํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค.
Singh et al. (2025)๋ ์์ธ ํ์ด๋จธ๋ณ(AD)์์์ ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ต๋์ ์ง์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒํ ํ์ฌ, ์๊ณ ์ ์ ์ ๋คํ์ฑ(BMAL1, CLOCK, PER, CRY)๊ณผ SCN ๋ณ์ฑ์ด AD ๋ณ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํจ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์๋ค. Jiang et al. (2025)์ ์๋ฉด ๋ฐํ์ด ์๊ณ ์ ์ ์ Per2๋ฅผ ํํฅ ์กฐ์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์คํ์ ๋์ฅ์ผ์ ์
ํ์ํจ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐํ, ํน์ ๋ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํตํด ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ต๋์ ์ผ์ฆ์ฑ ์ฅ์งํ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ์๋ค.
ํต์ฌ ์ฃผ์ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ
<
| ์ฃผ์ฅ | ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ | ํ์ |
|---|
| ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ต๋์ด ๋์ฌ ์งํ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํจ | ๊ต๋ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์์ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ์ํ 40% ์ฆ๊ฐ; ๋๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์์ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ ํ์ธ (Tomatsu et al. 2025) | ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ง์ง๋จ; ์ฉ๋-๋ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ ํ๋ฆฝ |
| ์ฝ๋ฆฌํ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฌ ํ๋ณต์ด ๋์ฌ ์์์ ์๋ฐฉํจ | ํํ
๋ก์คํธ๋ฒค โ RORฮณ โ ๊ฐ ์๊ณ ์ง๋ ํ๋ณต โ ํฌ๋๋น/์ง์ง ๋์ฌ ๊ฐ์ (Zhang et al. 2024) | ๋๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์์ ์ง์ง๋จ; ์ธ์ฒด ์๊ฐ์น๋ฃ ์์์ํ ์งํ ์ค |
| ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ-์ ๊ฒฝํดํ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ์๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ | AD/PD ๋์์ ์๊ณ ์ ์ ์ ๋ณํ; SCN ์์์ด ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ต๋์ ์
ํ (Singh et al. 2025) | ์ง์ง๋จ; ์ค์ฌ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ค์ |
| Per2 ํํฅ ์กฐ์ ์ด ์๋ฉด ๋ฐํ๊ณผ ๋์ฅ์ผ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํจ | ์๋ฉด ๋ฐํ โ โPer2 โ DSS ๋์ฅ์ผ ์
ํ (Jiang et al. 2025) | ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์์ ์ง์ง๋จ; ์ธ๊ฐ IBD-์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ ์์ค |
๋ฏธํด๊ฒฐ ์ง๋ฌธ
์๊ฐ์น๋ฃ: ์ง๋ณ์ด ํ๋ฃจ ์ค ํน์ ์๊ฐ๋์ ์
ํ๋๋ค๋ฉด, ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํฌ์ฌ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋๊ฐ? ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ ํ์ ๋ง์ถ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ์ ๋ฌ์ด ์น๋ฃ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํฅ์์ํฌ ์ ์๋๊ฐ?
์ฌํ์ ์์ฐจ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ: ์ฌํ์ ์ผ์ ๊ณผ ์๋ฌผํ์ ์๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์ผ์น๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ ๋์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ถํฐ ์ฌํ์ ์์ฐจ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ์ด ์์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ฏธํด์ง๋๊ฐ?
Clock ์ ์ ์ ๋ณ์ด: PER, CRY, CLOCK์ ๋คํ์ฑ์ ์ง๋ณ ์ํ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค. ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ํ ๋ถ์์ด ์๋ฐฉ ์ ๋ต์ ์๋ดํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ?
์์ฝํ์ผ๋ก์์ ๋น: ์๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ถ ๋น ๋
ธ์ถ์ ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์์์ ์ฌ์ค์ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋น ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ค์ฌ๊ฐ ๋์ฌ ๋ฐ ์ ๊ฒฝํดํ์ฑ ์งํ์ ์งํ์ ์๋ฐฉํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ?References (5)
Tomatsu, S., Abbott, S. M., & Attarian, H. (2025). Clinical Chronobiology: Circadian Rhythms in Health and Disease. Seminars in Neurology, 45(03), 317-332.
Zhang, J., Chang, M., Wang, X., Zhou, X., Bai, Q., Lang, H., et al. (2024). Pterostilbene targets the molecular oscillator RORฮณ to restore circadian rhythm oscillation and protect against sleep restriction induced metabolic disorders. Phytomedicine, 125, 155327.
Singh, J., Kumar, D., Kaur, J., & Singh, A. (2025). The rhythm of decline: Circadian disruption in neurodegeneration. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 33(3), 224-240.
Zhang, J., Li, H., Ma, C., Zhang, S., Wu, G., Shen, B., et al. (2025). Distinct effects of tea types and components on circadian rhythm entrainment and clock gene regulation. npj Science of Food, 9(1).
Jiang, X., Wu, P., Chen, H., Cui, J., Lv, X., Ha, L., et al. (2025). Sleep deprivation exacerbates experimental colitis via down-regulating the clock gene Per2. Biochemical Pharmacology, 242, 117224.