Trend AnalysisMedicine & Health

AI in Dermatology: Deep Learning for Skin Cancer Screening

Melanoma, the deadliest skin cancer, has a ~100% five-year survival rate when detected at stage I but approximately 35% at stage IV (current SEER data, reflecting immunotherapy-era improvements). Earl...

By Sean K.S. Shin
This blog summarizes research trends based on published paper abstracts. Specific numbers or findings may contain inaccuracies. For scholarly rigor, always consult the original papers cited in each post.

The Question

Melanoma, the deadliest skin cancer, has a ~100% five-year survival rate when detected at stage I but approximately 35% at stage IV (current SEER data, reflecting immunotherapy-era improvements). Early detection is life-saving, yet dermatologists are scarce (many countries have fewer than 1 per 100,000 population). AI models have demonstrated dermatologist-level accuracy in classifying skin lesions from dermoscopic and clinical photographs. Can AI-powered screening tools โ€” on smartphones, in primary care clinics, or integrated into telemedicine โ€” democratise expert-level skin cancer detection?

Landscape

Kalidindi (2024) reviewed AI's role in melanoma diagnosis, documenting that CNN-based models reportedly achieve high sensitivity and specificity on benchmark datasets (ISIC, HAM10000). However, performance drops significantly on images from different populations, equipment, and clinical settings โ€” the classic domain shift problem in medical AI.

Ornek et al. (2024) used the ISIC 2019 dataset (8 skin lesion categories) with SqueezeNet-based feature extraction followed by multiple classifiers (ANN, kNN, Random Forest, Logistic Regression), achieving up to 71.8% classification accuracy (ANN) across multiple lesion types. Semerci et al. (2024) extended AI applications to molecular classification of head and neck skin cancers, integrating AI-based histopathological analysis with genomic data.

Trager et al. (2024) reviewed AI for non-melanoma skin cancers (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma) โ€” among the top five most common cancers globally but often overlooked in AI dermatology research, which disproportionately focuses on melanoma. Their analysis identified AI-assisted surgical margin assessment as a promising clinical application beyond screening.

Ruga et al. (2025) developed MultiExCam, an explainable AI architecture that combines multiple attention mechanisms with saliency mapping to provide clinically interpretable explanations for AI classifications โ€” addressing the "black box" barrier to clinical adoption.

Key Claims & Evidence

<
ClaimEvidenceVerdict
AI achieves dermatologist-level melanoma detection on benchmark datasetsHigh sensitivity and specificity reported across studies (Kalidindi 2024)Supported on curated data; real-world performance lower
Domain shift degrades AI performance across populations and equipmentSignificant accuracy drops on out-of-distribution images (Kalidindi 2024)Confirmed; the critical barrier to clinical deployment
AI is applicable beyond melanoma to NMSC and surgical margin assessmentBCC and SCC classification and Mohs surgery assistance (Trager et al. 2024)Emerging; less mature than melanoma AI
Explainable AI improves clinical trustMulti-attention saliency maps highlight diagnostically relevant features (Ruga et al. 2025)Demonstrated; clinical impact on decision-making not yet measured

Open Questions

  • Skin colour equity: Most training datasets are dominated by light-skinned individuals. Can AI models perform equitably across Fitzpatrick skin types Iโ€“VI?
  • Smartphone-based screening: Can consumer smartphone cameras achieve the image quality needed for reliable AI classification, or is dermoscopy equipment required?
  • Overdiagnosis risk: If AI screening increases biopsy rates, will the ratio of unnecessary biopsies to detected cancers be acceptable?
  • Integration into clinical workflow: Should AI serve as a triage tool (flagging high-risk lesions for dermatologist review) or a diagnostic tool (providing classification directly to patients)?
  • Referenced Papers

    • [1] Kalidindi, S. (2024). The Role of AI in the Diagnosis of Melanoma. Cureus, 16(9), e69818. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.69818
    • [2] Ornek, H.K. et al. (2024). Deep Learning-Based Skin Lesion Classification for Melanoma. DOI: 10.58190/imiens.2024.101
    • [3] Semerci, Z.M. et al. (2024). AI in Early Diagnosis of Head and Neck Skin Cancers. Diagnostics, 14(14), 1477. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14141477
    • [4] Trager, M. et al. (2024). AI for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer. Clinics in Dermatology. DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2024.06.016
    • [5] Ruga, T. et al. (2025). MultiExCam: Explainable AI for Skin Lesion Classification. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2025.109081

    References (5)

    Kalidindi, S. (2024). The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Melanoma. Cureus.
    ORNEK, H. K., YILMAZ, B., YASIN, E., & KOKLU, M. (2024). Deep Learning-Based Classification of Skin Lesion Dermoscopic Images for Melanoma Diagnosis. Intelligent Methods in Engineering Sciences.
    Semerci, Z. M., Toru, H. S., ร‡obankent Aytekin, E., Tercanlฤฑ, H., Chiorean, D. M., Albayrak, Y., et al. (2024). The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Early Diagnosis and Molecular Classification of Head and Neck Skin Cancers: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Diagnostics, 14(14), 1477.
    Trager, M. H., Gordon, E. R., Breneman, A., Weng, C., & Samie, F. H. (2024). Artificial intelligence for nonmelanoma skin cancer. Clinics in Dermatology, 42(5), 466-476.
    Ruga, T., Caroprese, L., Vocaturo, E., & Zumpano, E. (2026). MultiExCam: A multi approach and explainable artificial intelligence architecture for skin lesion classification. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 273, 109081.

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